A Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Levodopa Detection Using Benzothiadiazole-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer-Coated Graphene Heterostructures

Abstract

Since the 1960s, levodopa (LDA) has been the standard drug for treating of Parkinson's disease. In this study, a novel benzothiadiazole-based conjugated microporous polymercoated graphene heterostructure (CMP-rGO) was synthesized and used to construct a sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor capable of detecting LDA. Under optimal experimental conditions, the intensity of the photocurrent produced by the sensor was linear from 0.005 to 40 μM, and the limit of detection of the sensor was 0.0027 μM. The sensor showed good repeatability, stability, and selectivity for LDA detection. Finally, the constructed sensor was used to detect LDA in levodopa tablets, human serum samples, and urine samples and satisfactory results were obtained. Therefore, the PEC sensor provides a novel platform for the detection of LDA in real samples and broadens the applications of conjugated microporous polymers in PEC sensing.

Advances in graphene-based nanoplatforms and their application in Parkinson's disease

“…A sensitive photoelectrochemical sensor using conjugated microporous polymer-coated benzothiadiazole-based graphene heterostructures has been demonstrated to detect levodopa with the LOD of 0.0027 mM. 86 Entacapone (EN) is a peripherally acting reversible inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa to slow their biotransformation, thus increasing the duration of response to these antiparkinsonian drugs. 87 Ahmadi et al presented a graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs)-molecularly imprinted silica fluorescent chemical nano bio/chemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of EN in spiked plasma samples and some pharmaceutical formulations in a zebrafish model.…”

Conductive phthalocyanine-based porous organic polymer as sensing platform for rapid determination of vanillin

“…In the N 2 atmosphere, the weight loss of the sample was ∼6.7% when the temperature increased to 100 °C owing to the disappearance of guest water molecules, which is a universal phenomenon. 29,46 Upon heating to 420 °C, the sample exhibited a weight loss of 18.8%. Subsequent to this temperature threshold, the polymer framework underwent rapid decomposition until stabilizing to achieve a constant mass at 620 °C, leaving a residue of ∼16.5%.…”

“…27 Their versatility is further exhibited in applications such as gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, supercapacitors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and energy transduction. 24,[28][29][30][31][32] Phthalocyanine (Pc) is considered as an ideal foundational unit for developing POPs owing to its remarkable attributes. Pc is nitrogen-rich, highly conjugated, planar macrocyclic compound.…”

Metal Porphyrin Complex Combined with Polymerization and Isomerization Cyclic Amplification for a Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Assay

“…Cathode photoactive materials, such as poly­(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly­(2,5-dimercaptothiadiazole-triazine), have attracted extensive attention in the construction of highly sensitive and accurate PEC detection systems, due to their capability to resist the interference of reductive substances. − However, to the best of our knowledge, most of their molecular formulas are complex and restricted to volatile organic solvents, − which are prone to generate unrepeatable photocurrent, thereby restraining their application to only serve as platforms to construct the signal-off biosensors liable to produce an intrinsic false-positive signal. − More importantly, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is expected to be further improved. Accordingly, exploring simple, readily accessible, and biocompatible photoelectric materials with high photoelectric conversion efficiency is necessary and challenging.…”