A sensory-enhanced context allows renewal of an extinguished fear response in the infant rat

Revillo, D.A.; Molina, Juan Carlos; Paglini, María Gabriela; Arias, Carlos F.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.027

Cited by 19 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…This effect was only found when subjects were trained and tested in a salient context with an explicit olfactory component (Experiments 2 and 4a), which is consistent with prior research showing the relevance of olfactory contexts in regulating behavior and learning in preweanling rats (Brasser and Spear 2004;Revillo et al 2015). Consistent with the present results, we have previously reported reinstatement, renewal, and more rapid reacquisition in preweanling rats using a conditioned taste aversion paradigm (Revillo et al 2014a), and renewal and spontaneous recovery using fear conditioning procedures (Revillo et al 2013(Revillo et al , 2014b. Taken together, all of these findings suggest the possibility of recovering an extinguished CR during infancy by means of a variety of procedures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, when the contexts are enriched with olfactory cues, infants respond much better to this type of learning paradigm and show a variety of context effects (Richardson et al 1986;Lariviere et al 1990;Carew and Rudy 1991;McKinzie and Spear 1995;McKinzie et al 1996;Spear 1998, 2004;Castello et al 2015;Revillo et al 2015). In agreement with these findings, it has been found that the inclusion of explicit odors in the context can critically modulate the ABA-renewal effect in infant rats (Revillo et al 2013.…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The olfactory component of the context was critical for observing reinstatement in our study-this effect was not found in any of the experiments in which we used contexts without odors. The inclusion of the explicit odor in the context was also necessary for renewal during infancy (Revillo et al 2013. In brief, those studies that did not find these context effects during infancy were conducted under experimental conditions that, at least in our laboratory, clearly hinder the detection of Pavlovian conditioning, reinstatement, and renewal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, in some of these studies the authors did not find recovery of the CR once it was extinguished (Kim and Richardson 2010), while others have reported renewal, more rapid reacquisition, and reinstatement in taste aversion learning (Revillo et al 2014a), and spontaneous recovery (Revillo et al 2014b) and renewal (Revillo et al 2013 in fear conditioning. Those authors that did not find recovery of the extinguished CR suggested that in infancy, extinction is a qualitatively different phenomenon to that observed in adulthood, and that during infancy it results in erasure of the CS -US association instead of the production of new learning (Kim and Richardson 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

et al. 2015

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Although it is currently accepted that the extinction effect reflects new context-dependent learning, this is not so clear during infancy, because some studies did not find recovery of the extinguished conditioned response (CR) in rodents during this ontogenetic stage. However, recent studies have shown the return of an extinguished CR in infant rats. The present study analyzes the possibility of recovering an extinguished CR with a reinstatement procedure in a fear conditioning paradigm, on PD17 (Experiments 1 -4) and on PD24 (Experiment 5), while exploring the role of the olfactory content of the context upon the reinstatement effect during the preweanling period. Preweanling rats expressed a previously extinguished CR after a single experience with an unsignaled US. Furthermore, this result was only found when subjects were trained and tested in contexts that included an explicit odor, but not in standard experimental cages. Finally, Experiment 5 demonstrated the reinstatement effect on PD24 in a standard context. These results support the notion that extinction during infancy has the same characteristics as those described for extinction that occurs in adulthood. Instead of postulating a different mechanism for extinction during infancy, we propose that it may be more accurate to view the problem in terms of the variables that may differentially modulate the extinction effect according to the stages of ontogeny.Extinction can be defined as a procedure consisting of repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) after conditioning (Pavlov 1927). As a result of this training, the conditioned response (CR) usually decays progressively. It is currently accepted that the extinction effect reflects new learning, because the extinguished CR can be recovered after a retention interval (spontaneous recovery), after the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus-the US, (reinstatement), or after a context changeknown as the renewal effect (Pavlov 1927;Bouton 2002;Quirk and Mueller 2008). All of these findings have been interpreted as evidence that the extinction effect is a context-dependent phenomenon (Bouton 2002(Bouton , 2004.Although extinction has been widely studied in adult organisms, only a few studies have focused on this effect during infancy, and these have yielded inconsistent results. In particular, in some of these studies the authors did not find recovery of the CR once it was extinguished (Kim and Richardson 2010), while others have reported renewal, more rapid reacquisition, and reinstatement in taste aversion learning (Revillo et al. 2014a), and spontaneous recovery (Revillo et al. 2014b) and renewal (Revillo et al. 2013 in fear conditioning. Those authors that did not find recovery of the extinguished CR suggested that in infancy, extinction is a qualitatively different phenomenon to that observed in adulthood, and that during infancy it results in erasure of the CS -US association instead of the production of new learning (Kim and Richardson 2010). However, more recent evidence of recovery a...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

et al. 2015

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“…It is important to note, however, that these authors used contexts without a salient odor component. Recently, the inclusion of salient odors in the context made it possible to observe the renewal effect in preweanlings (Revillo, Molina, Paglini, & Arias, 2013), as well as other recovery-from-extinction effects that can also be considered context-dependent, such as reinstatement (Revillo, Trebucq, et al, 2016) or long-term spontaneous recovery ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Context‐dependent extinction of an appetitive operant conditioned response in infant rats

Barrera

Arias

González

et al. 2017

Developmental Psychobiology

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The present study evaluated context-dependent learning under an operant conditioning procedure in infant rats. Preweanling rats were trained in context A during postnatal days (PDs) 16 and 17 to learn an appetitive operant conditioning task, employing milk chocolate as appetitive reinforcer. On PD18 the operant response was extinguished in context A, or in an alternative context B. The change from context A to B between acquisition and extinction did not affect the number of responses during extinction, but slightly modified the shape of the extinction curve. On PD19, a renewal test conducted in context A clearly showed ABA-renewal of the extinguished operant response. These results add to the body of evidence indicating that infants are able to acquire and retain contextual information, and support the notion that extinction during this ontogenetic period involves new learning.

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Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

Revillo

Gaztañaga

Aranda

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychobiology

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Preexposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) usually weakens conditioning, an effect known as latent inhibition. Similar to other learning interference effects, latent inhibition has been characterized as context-dependent, which means that the magnitude of this effect can be attenuated by changing the context between the different phases of the procedure (e.g., preexposure and conditioning). Latent inhibition has been found with a variety of procedures in infant rats, but the few studies that examined the context-dependency of this phenomenon during this ontogenetic period found no context-change effect. The present study explored the context-dependency of latent inhibition during infancy using a conditioned taste aversion preparation and employing contexts enriched with distinctive odors to increase the possible efficacy of the context manipulation. Experiment 1 showed that three preexposures to the CS (saccharin) were sufficient to retard conditioning to the same CS, although this effect was also observed in a control group preexposed to an alternative taste stimulus (saline), in comparison with a non-preexposed control group. In Experiment 2a, the CS-preexposure effect was found to be specific to the preexposed CS when the number of preexposures was increased. This effect was revealed as context-dependent in Experiment 2b, since it was attenuated by changing the context between preexposure and conditioning. The present result is consistent with recent studies showing the context-dependency of extinction in preweanling rats, thus demonstrating these animals' capacity to learn about context early on in their development.

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A sensory-enhanced context allows renewal of an extinguished fear response in the infant rat

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

Context‐dependent extinction of an appetitive operant conditioned response in infant rats

Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

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