A sentence to remember: Instructed language switching in sentence production

Declerck, Mathieu; Philipp, Andrea M.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.006

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In particular, they demonstrate that syntactic structure has robust effects on the size of language switch costs, in general agreement with proposals of greater automaticity for specific types of switches (reflecting structural principles; Myers-Scotton, 1993; 2002; 2005; 2006), and with other recent studies that arrived at the same conclusion using different methods and via examination of a very limited set of structural alternations (Declerck & Philipp, 2015a; Dussias, 2003; Fairchild & Van Hell, in press; Rossi et al, submitted). Unique to our study was the finding that grammaticality modulated switch costs not only in production speed, but also in total failures of language control (intrusion errors), and in diverse speaker groups (including both young and older bilinguals).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Importantly, grammatical switches were not cost free; though intrusions did not reveal switch costs in grammatical paragraphs (they revealed an unexpected effect in the opposite direction), bilinguals’ whole paragraph reading times were significantly slower for high- than for low-switch paragraphs. Additionally, intrusion errors exhibited robust part of speech effects, consistent with theories that posit distinct control mechanisms for retrieval of targets that assign thematic roles versus those that do not (Myers-Scotton, 2006), the finding of robust part of speech effects in naturally occurring intrusion errors (Poulisse, 1999), and inconsistent with the absence of part of speech effects in other recently reported experimental paradigms (Declerck & Philipp, 2015a). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…In this study, German-English bilinguals memorized and then repeatedly produced four different sentences with five words in them while switching languages on every other word, and with a forced 1500 ms pacing interval between words (Declerck & Philipp, 2015a). Sentences with shared word order in the two languages exhibited negligible switch costs (just 6 ms), whereas sentences with different word order in each language, or scrambled sentences, exhibited larger switch costs (36 and 40 ms respectively).…”

Section: Factors Modulating Control Of Language Switching In Out-of-context Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grammatical constraints on language switching: Language control is not just executive control

Gollan

Goldrick

2016

Journal of Memory and Language

115

107

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The current study investigated the roles of grammaticality and executive control on bilingual language selection by examining production speed and failures of language control, or intrusion errors (e.g., saying el instead of the), in young and aging bilinguals. Production of mixed-language connected speech was elicited by asking Spanish-English bilinguals to read aloud paragraphs that had mostly grammatical (conforming to naturally occurring constraints) or mostly ungrammatical (haphazard mixing) language switches, and low or high switching rate. Mixed-language speech was slower and less accurate when switch-rate was high, but especially (for speed) or only (for intrusion errors) if switches were also ungrammatical. Executive function ability (measured with a variety of tasks in young bilinguals in Experiment 1, and aging bilinguals in Experiment 2), slowed production and increased intrusion rate in a generalized fashion, but with little or no interaction with grammaticality. Aging effects appeared to reflect reduced monitoring ability (evidenced by a lower rate of self-corrected intrusions). These results demonstrate robust effects of grammatical encoding on language selection, and imply that executive control influences bilingual language production only after sentence planning and lexical selection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Factors Modulating Control Of Language Switching In Out-of-context Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grammatical constraints on language switching: Language control is not just executive control

Gollan

Goldrick

2016

Journal of Memory and Language

115

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It might also be useful to investigate similarity in phonological form between translation equivalents (cognate effects; Gollan et al, 2014), part of speech effects (Gollan & Goldrick, 2016), and syntactic influences on the ease with which bilinguals can switch. It is known, for example, that switches are easier when the participating languages share word order in a sentence (Dussias; Declerck & Philipp, 2015b), and that certain combinatorial patterns are preferred over others in spontaneous code-switches (Tamargo, Valdés Kroff, & Dussias, 2016). Such factors might be differentially sensitive to language control deficits in AD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilingual language intrusions and other speech errors in Alzheimer’s disease

Gollan

Stasenko

et al. 2017

Brain and Cognition

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The current study investigated how Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects production of speech errors in reading-aloud. Twelve Spanish-English bilinguals with AD and 19 matched controls read-aloud 8 paragraphs in four conditions (a) English-only, (b) Spanish-only, (c) English-mixed (mostly English with 6 Spanish words), and (d) Spanish-mixed (mostly Spanish with 6 English words). Reading elicited language intrusions (e.g., saying la instead of the), and several types of within-language errors (e.g., saying their instead of the). Patients produced more intrusions (and self-corrected less often) than controls, particularly when reading non-dominant language paragraphs with switches into the dominant language. Patients also produced more within-language errors than controls, but differences between groups for these were not consistently larger with dominant versus non-dominant language targets. These results illustrate the potential utility of speech errors for diagnosis of AD, suggest a variety of linguistic and executive control impairments in AD, and reveal multiple cognitive mechanisms needed to mix languages fluently. The observed pattern of deficits, and unique sensitivity of intrusions to AD in bilinguals, suggests intact ability to select a default language with contextual support, to rapidly translate and switch languages in production of connected speech, but impaired ability to monitor language membership while regulating inhibitory control.

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“…For example, in mixed-language blocks, bilinguals name pictures slower even on non-switch trials relative to single-language blocks; these mixing costs reflect the need to actively maintain response readiness in both languages (Declerck & Philipp, 2015). In addition, bilinguals sometimes name pictures faster in the non-dominant than the dominant language, either only on switch trials (leading to asymmetric switch costs ; Meuter & Allport, 1999) or on both switch and non-switch trials (leading to reversed dominance effects ; Christoffels, Firk, & Schiller, 2007; Costa & Santesteban, 2004; Gollan & Ferreira, 2009; Verhoef, Roelofs, & Chwilla, 2009; for review, see Declerck & Philipp, 2015). Both patterns suggest top-down control operating either via activation (boosting) of the non-dominant language, or inhibition (active suppression) of the dominant language, or both.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Speaking Two Languages for the Price of One

2016

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How do bilinguals switch easily between languages in everyday conversation, when thousands of studies have found that switching slows responses? Previous research has not considered that although switches may happen for different reasons, only some switches – including those typically studied in laboratory experiments – might be costly. Using a repeated picture naming task, we show that bilinguals can maintain and use two languages as efficiently as a single language, switching between them frequently without any cost, if they switch only when a word is more accessible in the other language. These results suggest that language switch costs arise during lexical selection, that top-down language control mechanisms can be suspended, and that language-mixing efficiency can be strategically increased with instruction. Thus, bilinguals might switch languages spontaneously because doing so is not always costly, and there appears to be greater flexibility and efficiency in the cognitive mechanisms that enable switching than previously assumed.

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A sentence to remember: Instructed language switching in sentence production

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Grammatical constraints on language switching: Language control is not just executive control

Grammatical constraints on language switching: Language control is not just executive control

Bilingual language intrusions and other speech errors in Alzheimer’s disease

Speaking Two Languages for the Price of One

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