A sequential path-planning methodology for wire and arc additive manufacturing based on a water-pouring rule

Wang, Xiaolong; Wang, Aimin; Li, Yuebo

doi:10.1007/s00170-019-03706-1

Cited by 51 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Wang et al [ 34 ] proposed a cylindrical path planning strategy to fabricate cylindrical parts (such as the blades of a propeller), without voids inside, using wire and arc AM. A sequential path planning strategy for wire and arc AM was proposed by Wang et al [ 35 ], based on a water-pouring rule. Their proposed solution can transfer all the intersection areas of the path to the outer contour, ensuring that the inner area is uniform and compact.…”

Section: Path Planning Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Path Planning Strategies to Optimize Accuracy, Quality, Build Time and Material Use in Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Jiang

2020

Micromachines

214

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of joining materials layer by layer to fabricate products based on 3D models. Due to the layer-by-layer nature of AM, parts with complex geometries, integrated assemblies, customized geometry or multifunctional designs can now be manufactured more easily than traditional subtractive manufacturing. Path planning in AM is an important step in the process of manufacturing products. The final fabricated qualities, properties, etc., will be different when using different path strategies, even using the same AM machine and process parameters. Currently, increasing research studies have been published on path planning strategies with different aims. Due to the rapid development of path planning in AM and various newly proposed strategies, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on this topic. Therefore, this paper gives a comprehensive understanding of the current status and challenges of AM path planning. This paper reviews and discusses path planning strategies in three categories: improving printed qualities, saving materials/time and achieving objective printed properties. The main findings of this review include: new path planning strategies can be developed by combining some of the strategies in literature with better performance; a path planning platform can be developed to help select the most suitable path planning strategy with required properties; research on path planning considering energy consumption can be carried out in the future; a benchmark model for testing the performance of path planning strategies can be designed; the trade-off among different fabricated properties can be considered as a factor in future path planning design processes; and lastly, machine learning can be a powerful tool to further improve path planning strategies in the future.

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Section: Path Planning Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Path Planning Strategies to Optimize Accuracy, Quality, Build Time and Material Use in Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Jiang

2020

Micromachines

214

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“…When holes are presented, "empty" trajectories (paths with no deposition) are used to avoid this obstacle; low surface quality due to geometric irregularities caused by frequent arc extinction and reignition are the consequences [5]. From current literature, there are at least three classical pattern strategies for trajectory planning applicable to WAAM, namely, raster, zigzag and contour [6][7][8]. However, due to the geometric complexities, some of these strategies have been adapted towards layer geometry simplification (polygonal division) or merged with others (hybrid trajectory planning strategies), sharing the merits of various approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As illustrated in Figure 2b, with a one-way movement in a given direction up to reach a polygon border, the torch, then, faces the edge of this border for a given spacing value, before inverting the trajectory direction (in cycled pattern). Wang et al [6] claim process efficiency decay off this approach, due to arc extinctions that forcedly occur in parts with more complex geometries (such as internal holes). The likely first adaptation of the zigzag strategy carried out in WAAM was proposed several years before by Dwivedi and Kovacevic [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Concept of a Novel Path Planning Strategy for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing of Bulky Parts: Pixel

Ferreira

Scotti

2021

Metals

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An innovative trajectory strategy was proposed and accessed for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), applicable to different and more complex geometries, rather than being a single solution. This strategy, named Pixel, can be defined as a complex multitask procedure to carry out optimized path planning, whose operation is made through computational algorithms (heuristics), with accessible computational resources and tolerable computational time. The model layers are fractioned in squared grids, and a set of dots is systematically generated and distributed inside the sliced outlines, resembling pixels on a screen, over which the trajectory is planned. The Pixel strategy was based on creating trajectories from the technique travelling salesman problem (TSP). Unlike existing algorithms, the Pixel strategy uses an adapted greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) metaheuristic, aided by four concurrent trajectory planning heuristics, developed by the authors. Interactions provide successive trajectories from randomized initial solutions (global search) and subsequent iterative improvements (local search). After all recurrent loops, a trajectory is defined and written in machine code. Computational evaluation was implemented to demonstrate the effect of each of the heuristics on the final trajectory. An experimental evaluation was eventually carried out using two different not easily printable shapes to demonstrate the practical feasibility of the proposed strategy.

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“…Besides, the SW challenges, WAAM has been known to be affected by unevenly distributed stresses generated during deposition, which might require further post-heat treatment or cold work to relieve these stresses and improve their mechanical properties [15]. Path planning and deposition strategies compensation with built parameter optimisation have been effective in reducing the residual stresses [16,17]. A 500µm surface waviness (SW) encountered in WAAM is a serious problem, limiting the use of WAAM asdeposited structures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire plus arc additive manufactured functional steel surfaces enhanced by rolling

Dirisu

Ganguly

Martina

et al. 2020

International Journal of Fatigue

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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A sequential path-planning methodology for wire and arc additive manufacturing based on a water-pouring rule

Cited by 51 publications

References 26 publications

Path Planning Strategies to Optimize Accuracy, Quality, Build Time and Material Use in Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Path Planning Strategies to Optimize Accuracy, Quality, Build Time and Material Use in Additive Manufacturing: A Review

The Concept of a Novel Path Planning Strategy for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing of Bulky Parts: Pixel

Wire plus arc additive manufactured functional steel surfaces enhanced by rolling

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