A Sequential Study on the Pathology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Tissue Distribution of the Virus Following Experimental Infection of Black Bengal Goats

Abstract

We studied the sequential pathology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal goats and analyzed virus distribution in tissues and virus shedding following experimental infection with a Bangladeshi isolate of lineage IV PPR virus (PPRV). The early clinical signs like fever, depression, and ocular and nasal discharges first appeared at 4–7 days post-infection (dpi). Three out of eight inoculated goats died at 13, 15, and 18 dpi, and the rest were killed at different time points from 5 to 18 dpi. Initially, the virus multiplied mostly in the lymphoid organs of the pharyngeal region and caused extensive lymphoid destruction and hemorrhages. This was followed by viremia, massive virus replication in the lungs, and pneumonia along with the appearance of the clinical signs. Subsequently, the virus spread to other organs causing necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as the virus localized in the upper respiratory, oral and intestinal mucosa resulting in catarrhal, erosive, and ulcerative lesions. On hematological and biochemical investigation progressive leukopenia and hypoproteinemia, a gradual increase of serum metabolites and enzymes associated with liver and kidney damage, and electrolyte imbalance were observed. Seroconversion started at 7 dpi and all the surviving animals had serum antibodies at 14 dpi. Virus shedding was observed in nasal and ocular secretions at 4 dpi and in feces and urine at 14 dpi, which gradually increased and continued till the end of the experiment (18 dpi) despite seroconversion. Therefore, the virus shedding of naturally infected seroconverted goats should be monitored for effective control strategies.

Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study

“…A recent study showed maximum viral loads of a local Bangladeshi PPRV strain BD/PPRV/2015/1 by qPCR in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the latter showing the highest amount of virus, similar to the results of the present study [21]. During the past years, IHC studies have shown the presence of numerous PPRV strains in the small intestines, confirming the involvement of the mucosal layer (lamina propria, surface, and crypt epithelial cells) as well as of the submucosa layer (Peyer's patches) during infection [22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

​​Clinical, Pathological and Molecular Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Saudi Arabia

“…In our findings, some syncytial cells appeared inside alveoli which were considered pathognomonic for PPRV (Fig 3b). This lesion was consistent with several previous studies (Kumar et al, 2014;Begum et al, 2021;Islam et al, 2021). Small and large intestine revealed fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis characterized by massive necrosis of mucosa accompanied by mononuclear infiltration as well as severe congestion of the submucosal blood vessels (Fig 3 c,d).…”

“…The alveoli showed edema and alveolar macrophages. This finding was parallel to Troung et al, (2014) and Begum et al, (2021). In our findings, some syncytial cells appeared inside alveoli which were considered pathognomonic for PPRV (Fig 3b).…”

“…Histopatholgy is characterised by pseudomembranous stomatitis and enteritis associated with bronchointerstitial pneumonia (Troung et al, 2014;Ugochukwu et al, 2019). A specific syncytial cells in oral mucosa and lung as well as intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in respiratory and alimentary tract (Begum, 2021;Islam et al, 2021). PCR technique using F-gene primers has been developed (Forsyth and Barrett, 1995) and became a highly sensitive tool for diagnosis (Oshiek et al, 2018;Bhoyar et al, 2019).…”

Comparative pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus strains of difference virulence

“…Also, passages in cell cultures can affect the degree of pathogenicity of an isolate [ 21 ]. Upon infection, PPRV can be found in both lymphoid tissue (spleen, tonsil, mesenteric, sub-maxillary, bronchial, retropharyngeal and pulmonary lymph nodes) and non-lymphoid tissue (nostrils, trachea, abomasum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, lung, intestine, liver, kidney and heart) [ 22 , 23 ].…”