“…Additionally, microscopic experiments revealed that the metallurgical characteristics and microstructure of the alloy have obviously changed in the SDL process. For example, the high strength shear stress induces the phase transformation of α-phase and β-phase of alloy [ 11 , 14 ], high strain rate deformation leads to the formation of high density dislocation structure [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], severe shear strain results in the generations of deformation twinning [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] and the formation of DXR grains [ 11 , 12 , 22 ]. In the SDL, heavily deformed coarse grains with large size changed into the nanoscale grains or ultrafine grains which provide more slip systems in co-operation for the ASB formation [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”