A shift to parasitism in the jellyfish symbiont
            <i>Symbiodinium microadriaticum</i>

Sachs, Joel; Wilcox, Thomas P.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3346

Cited by 166 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…A vertical transmission mode links evolutionary fitness of the symbiont to growth and reproductive output of the host, whereas vertical transmission favors the potential for symbiont virulence under certain conditions (e.g., Sachs and Wilcox, 2006). In the parasitism-mutualism continuum, the evolution of reduced antagonism in a long-term interaction between two partners is assumed to be dependent on high partner fidelity and low availability of alternative partners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Krueger

Gates

2012

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Sustaining in vitro cultures of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium is important, addressing questions relating to Symbiodinium function and Symbiodinium dependent host fitness. Difficulties in establishing representative Symbiodinium cultures from Pacific coral isolates limit the availability of diverse Symbiodinium types, especially in the C clade. While this clade exhibits high subcladal diversity (over 100 types), and represents the ecologically dominating phylotype in Indo-Pacific corals, only two ancestral types C1 and C3 are currently in permanent culture. This study attempted to cultivate Symbiodinium C15, a derived C clade type, from the Hawaiian coral Porites compressa. We tested a number of basic media in combination with defined organic supplements, as well as host factor derived additives and ion-manipulated media, in order to mimic the intracellular ion regime of a zooxanthellate host. While basic media did not support cell survival at all, the use of organic supplements such as amino acids plus taurine or host derived tissue homogenate had a positive effect on survival and stabilized in vitro densities temporarily. However, none of the conditions tested supported a proliferating motile Symbiodinium C15 culture. In two independent experiments, a potentially free-living Symbiodinium A clade strain was successfully cultured, which exhibited phylogenetic separation from endosymbiotic A clade strains. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of host mimics or host derived supplements to study otherwise 'unculturable' Symbiodinium strains. Our results imply that Symbiodinium C15 is incapable of surviving ex hospite unless a host-derived or potential host mimicking feature is present. This potential host dependency has important implications for post-bleaching recovery of the endemic coral P. compressa and suggests a coevolutionary link between vertical transmission mode, host dependency of the symbiont and bleaching resistance of this holobiont.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Krueger

Gates

2012

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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“…2] is more likely to evolve and be maintained when f takes an exogenously high value because of the life cycle concordance of the partners [Eq. 1], as is well known to occur under spatial structuring (11) or vertical transmission (33).…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic contract theory tests models of mutualism

Weyl

Frederickson

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

137

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Although mutualisms are common in all ecological communities and have played key roles in the diversification of life, our current understanding of the evolution of cooperation applies mostly to social behavior within a species. A central question is whether mutualisms persist because hosts have evolved costly punishment of cheaters. Here, we use the economic theory of employment contracts to formulate and distinguish between two mechanisms that have been proposed to prevent cheating in host-symbiont mutualisms, partner fidelity feedback (PFF) and host sanctions (HS). Under PFF, positive feedback between host fitness and symbiont fitness is sufficient to prevent cheating; in contrast, HS posits the necessity of costly punishment to maintain mutualism. A coevolutionary model of mutualism finds that HS are unlikely to evolve de novo, and published data on legume-rhizobia and yucca-moth mutualisms are consistent with PFF and not with HS. Thus, in systems considered to be textbook cases of HS, we find poor support for the theory that hosts have evolved to punish cheating symbionts; instead, we show that even horizontally transmitted mutualisms can be stabilized via PFF. PFF theory may place previously underappreciated constraints on the evolution of mutualism and explain why punishment is far from ubiquitous in nature.evolution of cooperation | punishment | symbiosis | partner fidelity feedback | host sanctions

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“…The puzzle is especially acute for mutualisms in which individuals encounter and interact with multiple partners from the environment, as their fitness interests often conflict (Bull and Rice 1991;Noë and Hammerstein 1995;West et al 2002bWest et al , 2002cSachs and Wilcox 2006). In such mutualisms, selection will favor any individual with a mutation that increases its own fitness by increasing fitness benefits received from partners and/or reducing the fitness cost of benefits provided to partners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negotiation, Sanctions, and Context Dependency in the Legume-Rhizobium Mutualism

Akçay

Simms

2011

The American Naturalist

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Two important questions about mutualisms are how the fitness costs and benefits to the mutualist partners are determined and how these mechanisms affect the evolutionary dynamics of the mutualism. We tackle these questions with a model of the legumerhizobium symbiosis that regards the mutualism outcome as a result of biochemical negotiations between the plant and its nodules. We explore the fitness consequences of this mechanism to the plant and rhizobia and obtain four main results. First, negotiations permit the plant to differentially reward more-cooperative rhizobia-a phenomenon termed "plant sanctions"-but only when more-cooperative rhizobia also provide the plant with good outside options during negotiations with other nodules. Second, negotiations may result in seemingly paradoxical cases where the plant is worse off when it has a "choice" between two strains of rhizobia than when infected by either strain alone. Third, even when sanctions are effective, they are by themselves not sufficient to maintain cooperative rhizobia in a population: less cooperative strains always have an advantage at the population level. Finally, partner fidelity feedback, together with genetic correlations between a rhizobium strain's cooperativeness and the outside options it provides, can maintain cooperative rhizobia. Our results show how joint control over the outcome of a mutualism through the proximate mechanism of negotiation can affect the evolutionary dynamics of interspecific cooperation. Disciplines Biology | Developmental Biology | Evolution CommentsAt the time of publication, author Erol Akçay was affiliated with the University of Tennessee. Currently, he is a faculty member at the Department of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania. Online enhancements: appendix, Mathematica file.abstract: Two important questions about mutualisms are how the fitness costs and benefits to the mutualist partners are determined and how these mechanisms affect the evolutionary dynamics of the mutualism. We tackle these questions with a model of the legumerhizobium symbiosis that regards the mutualism outcome as a result of biochemical negotiations between the plant and its nodules. We explore the fitness consequences of this mechanism to the plant and rhizobia and obtain four main results. First, negotiations permit the plant to differentially reward more-cooperative rhizobia-a phenomenon termed "plant sanctions"-but only when more-cooperative rhizobia also provide the plant with good outside options during negotiations with other nodules. Second, negotiations may result in seemingly paradoxical cases where the plant is worse off when it has a "choice" between two strains of rhizobia than when infected by either strain alone. Third, even when sanctions are effective, they are by themselves not sufficient to maintain cooperative rhizobia in a population: less cooperative strains always have an advantage at the population level. Finally, partner fidelity feedback, together with genetic correlations between a rhizobium strain...

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A shift to parasitism in the jellyfish symbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum

Cited by 166 publications

References 27 publications

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Economic contract theory tests models of mutualism

Negotiation, Sanctions, and Context Dependency in the Legume-Rhizobium Mutualism

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