A Short Review of Advances in the Modelling of Blood Rheology and Clot Formation

Mohan, Anand; Rajagopal, Κ. R.

doi:10.3390/fluids2030035

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…All of the surgical problems with their severe effects were discussed previously [ 2 ]. The authors came to know that the ASMC cannot be implanted at those places where increased flow rate and velocity are required [ 35 , 51 ]. Therefore, the DSMC was simulated twice, fabricated, and tested experimentally to evaluate the possibility of implantation in human varicose veins.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation

et al. 2018

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Approximately 26% of adult people, mostly females, are affected by varicose veins in old age. It is a common reason for distress, loss of efficiency, and worsening living conditions. Several traditional treatment techniques (sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy of large veins, laser surgeries and radiofrequency ablation, vein ligation and stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy, and endoscopic vein surgery) have failed to handle this disease effectively. Herein, authors have presented an alternative varicose vein implant method—the descending sinusoidal microchannel (DSMC). DSMC was simulated by Fuzzy logic MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS (ANSYS 18.2, perpetual license purchased by Ibadat Education Trust, The University of Lahore, Pakistan) with real and actual conditions. After simulations of DSMC, fabrication and testing were performed. The silver DSMC was manufactured by utilizing a micromachining procedure. The length, width, and depth of the silver substrate were 51 mm, 25 mm, and 1.1 mm, respectively. The measurements of the DSMC channel in the silver wafer substrate were 0.9 mm in width and 0.9 mm in depth. The three descending curves of the DSMC were 7 mm, 6 mm, and 5 mm in height. For pressure, actual conditions were carefully taken as 1.0 kPa to 1.5 kPa for varicose veins. For velocity, actual conditions were carefully taken as 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s for these veins. These are real and standard values used in simulations and experiments. At Reynolds number 323, the flow rate and velocity were determined as 1001.0 (0.1 nL/s), 11.4 cm/s and 1015.3 (0.1 nL/s), 12.19 cm/s by MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS simulations, respectively. The flow rate and velocity were determined to be 995.3 (0.1 nL/s) and 12.2 cm/s, respectively, at the same Reynolds number (323) in the experiment. Moreover, the Dean number was also calculated to observe Dean vortices. All simulated and experimental results were in close agreement. Consequently, DSMC can be implanted in varicose veins as a new treatment to preserve excellent blood flow in human legs from the original place to avoid tissue damage and other problems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation

et al. 2018

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“…catheters/stents). Platelet transport/activation is a complex process influenced by both mechanical factors such as shear stress [ 75 ], but also through biochemical reactions with proteins/agonists within the blood itself [ 76 ], with reviews of computational approaches by Anand & Rajagopal [ 77 ] and Yesudasan et al . [ 78 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modelling of blood rheology and platelet activation through a stenosed left coronary artery bifurcation

et al. 2021

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Coronary bifurcations are prone to atherosclerotic plaque growth, experiencing regions of reduced wall shear stress (WSS) and increased platelet adhesion. This study compares effects across different rheological approaches on hemodynamics, combined with a shear stress exposure history model of platelets within a stenosed porcine bifurcation. Simulations used both single/multiphase blood models to determine which approach best predicts phenomena associated with atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. A novel Lagrangian platelet tracking model was used to evaluate residence time and shear history of platelets indicating likely regions of thrombus formation. Results show a decrease in area of regions with pathologically low time-averaged WSS with the use of multiphase models, particularly in a stenotic bifurcation. Significant non-Newtonian effects were observed due to low-shear and varying hematocrit levels found on the outer walls of the bifurcation and distal to the stenosis. Platelet residence time increased 11% in the stenosed artery, with exposure times to low-shear sufficient for red blood cell aggregation (>1.5 s). increasing the risk of thrombosis. This shows stenotic artery hemodynamics are inherently non-Newtonian and multiphase, with variations in hematocrit (0.163–0.617) and elevated vorticity distal to stenosis (+15%) impairing the function of the endothelium via reduced time-averaged WSS regions, rheological properties and platelet activation/adhesion.

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“…The rheology of shear-thinning fluids, and indeed the specific field of blood rheology, are much wider-ranging than the class of models and steadyshear experiments we have considered here. For recent review, see Anand & Rajagopal (2017) and examples of recent on time-dependent flows and extensional rheometry, see references Apostolidis et al (2015) and Kolbasov et al (2016). The importance of the Bird-Cross-Carreau-Yasuda class of models is underscored by the fact that they have formed part of major works such as the highly cited papers of Perktold & Rappitsch (1995) and Gijsen et al (1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-identifiability of parameters for a class of shear-thinning rheological models, with implications for haematological fluid dynamics

Gallagher

Wain

Dari

et al. 2019

Journal of Biomechanics

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Choosing a suitable model and determining its associated parameters from fitting to experimental data is fundamental for many problems in biomechanics. Models of shear-thinning complex fluids, dating from the work of Bird, Carreau, Cross and Yasuda, have been applied in highly-cited computational studies of heamodynamics for several decades. In this manuscript we revisit these models, first to highlight a degree of uncertainty in the naming conventions in the literature, but more importantly to address the problem of inferring model parameters by fitting rheology experiments. By refitting published data, and also by simulation, we find large, flat regions in likelihood surfaces that yield families of parameter sets which fit the data equally well. Despite having almost indistinguishable fits to experimental data these varying parameter sets can predict very different flow profiles, and as such these parameters cannot be used to draw conclusions about physical properties of the fluids, such as zero-shear viscosity or relaxation time of the fluid, or indeed flow behaviours. We verify that these features are not a consequence of the experimental data sets through simulations; by sampling points from the rheological models and adding a small amount of noise we create a synthetic data set which reveals that the problem of parameter identifiability is intrinsic to these models.

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A Short Review of Advances in the Modelling of Blood Rheology and Clot Formation

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation

Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation

Numerical modelling of blood rheology and platelet activation through a stenosed left coronary artery bifurcation

Non-identifiability of parameters for a class of shear-thinning rheological models, with implications for haematological fluid dynamics

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