A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions

Aurbach, Doron; Zinigrad, Ella; Cohen, Yaron; Teller, Hanan

doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00080-2

Cited by 1,559 publications

(1,307 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In the case of bulk metallic lithium (such as foils), nonuniformities in the structural morphology lead to a non-uniform current distribution [36][37][38][39] . This in turn leads to excessive localized charge densities and hence lithium metal tends to get nonuniformly plated, resulting in the formation of dendritic projections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defect-induced plating of lithium metal within porous graphene networks

et al. 2014

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Lithium metal is known to possess a very high theoretical capacity of 3,842 mAh g À 1 in lithium batteries. However, the use of metallic lithium leads to extensive dendritic growth that poses serious safety hazards. Hence, lithium metal has long been replaced by layered lithium metal oxide and phospho-olivine cathodes that offer safer performance over extended cycling, although significantly compromising on the achievable capacities. Here we report the defect-induced plating of metallic lithium within the interior of a porous graphene network. The network acts as a caged entrapment for lithium metal that prevents dendritic growth, facilitating extended cycling of the electrode. The plating of lithium metal within the interior of the porous graphene structure results in very high specific capacities in excess of 850 mAh g À 1 . Extended testing for over 1,000 charge/discharge cycles indicates excellent reversibility and coulombic efficiencies above 99%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defect-induced plating of lithium metal within porous graphene networks

et al. 2014

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“…(1) Superoxide anion radical species (O 2 À ) is formed during O 2 reduction, which reacts with majority of aprotic liquid electrolytes such as alkyl carbonate, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide [2][3][4][5] . (2) Li dendrite formation during repeated cycling leads to severe safety issue 6 , impressed by the explosion hazards 7 , and Li metal reacts strongly with the moisture and CO 2 if operating in air. So far, intensive efforts on electrolyte screening have identified the tetra(ethylene)glycol dimethyl ether 8,9 and the dimethyl sulfoxide 10,11 as relative stable electrolytes against O 2 À , and achieved substantial improvements on cell reversibility in pure O 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

A reversible long-life lithium–air battery in ambient air

2013

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Electrolyte degradation, Li dendrite formation and parasitic reactions with H 2 O and CO 2 are all directly correlated to reversibility and cycleability of Li-air batteries when operated in ambient air. Here we replace easily decomposable liquid electrolytes with a solid Li-ion conductor, which acts as both a catholyte and a Li protector. Meanwhile, the conventional solid air cathodes are replaced with a gel cathode, which contacts directly with the solid catholyte to form a closed and sustainable gel/solid interface. The proposed Li-air cell has sustained repeated cycling in ambient air for 100 cycles (B78 days), with discharge capacity of 2,000 mAh g À 1 . The recharging is based largely on the reversible reactions of Li 2 CO 3 product, originating from the initial discharge product of Li 2 O 2 instead of electrolyte degradation. Our results demonstrate that a reversible long-life Li-air battery is attainable by coordinated approaches towards the focal issues of electrolytes and Li metal.

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“…However, little is known experimentally on such reversibility at present. Although cell failure due to Li dendrite formation has been extensively studied for Li-ion battery application 15 , it is not clear if such a mechanism is applicable to the Li-O 2 batteries because of the differences in the cell construction, materials and operating environments. At present, the studies on the cyclability and stability of Li-O 2 batteries have been primarily focused on the cathode catalysts [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] , electrolytes [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] , binder 45 and so on.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reversibility of anodic lithium in rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries

et al. 2013

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Non-aqueous lithium-air batteries represent the next-generation energy storage devices with very high theoretical capacity. The benefit of lithium-air batteries is based on the assumption that the anodic lithium is completely reversible during the discharge-charge process. Here we report our investigation on the reversibility of the anodic lithium inside of an operating lithium-air battery using spatially and temporally resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction and three-dimensional micro-tomography technique. A combined electrochemical process is found, consisting of a partial recovery of lithium metal during the charging cycle and a constant accumulation of lithium hydroxide under both charging and discharging conditions. A lithium hydroxide layer forms on the anode separating the lithium metal from the separator. However, numerous microscopic 'tunnels' are also found within the hydroxide layer that provide a pathway to connect the metallic lithium with the electrolyte, enabling sustained iontransport and battery operation until the total consumption of lithium.

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A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions

Cited by 1,559 publications

References 30 publications

Defect-induced plating of lithium metal within porous graphene networks

Defect-induced plating of lithium metal within porous graphene networks

A reversible long-life lithium–air battery in ambient air

Reversibility of anodic lithium in rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries

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