A short review of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Kim, Bit-Na; Kim, Ji Hun; Ahn, Ji‐Young; Kim, Sun Chang; Cho, Byung-Kwan; Kim, Yang‐Hoon; Min, Jiho

doi:10.1007/s13530-020-00068-0

Cited by 69 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…while feeding on healthy trees. Upon entering the tree stem, PWN spreads through the resin canals, feeds on plant cells or fungi that populate the decaying tree, and breeds (Evans et al, 1996 ; Vicente et al, 2012 ; Kim et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode

et al. 2021

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Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant–parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with devastating effects in Pinus pinaster forests. Despite the high levels of this species' susceptibility, previous studies reported heritable resistance in P. pinaster trees. Understanding the basis of this resistance can be of extreme relevance for future programs aiming at reducing the disease impact on P. pinaster forests. In this study, we highlighted the mechanisms possibly involved in P. pinaster resistance to PWD, by comparing the transcriptional changes between resistant and susceptible plants after infection. Our analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant plants (1,916) when compared with susceptible plants (1,226). Resistance to PWN is mediated by the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, secondary metabolism pathways, lignin synthesis, oxidative stress response genes, and resistance genes. Quantification of the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin confirmed a significant increase of cell wall lignification of stem tissues around the inoculation zone in resistant plants. In addition to less lignified cell walls, susceptibility to the pine wood nematode seems associated with the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) defense pathway at 72 hpi, as revealed by the higher SA levels in the tissues of susceptible plants. Cell wall reinforcement and hormone signaling mechanisms seem therefore essential for a resistance response.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode

et al. 2021

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“…The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934), is classified as one of the top 10 PPNs with the highest global economic and scientific importance [3]. This migratory plant endoparasite has gained increased attention after its recognition as the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), a pathology responsible for the devastation of vast pine stands in Asian countries [4][5][6]. As a forest pathogen, the PWN is autochthonous to North America, where it poses little threat to the native conifer trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in its native range, it can become extremely damaging to non-native pine species. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was introduced to the susceptible pine forests of Japan, possibly transported in imported wood products used in increasing trade activities, and has since caused massive ecological, economic, and cultural impact [5,7]. Despite a great investment in several disease control measures, PWN has spread to China (1982) and Korea (1988) and was detected, in 1999, across the globe, in Portugal at the European Atlantic shores [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles

Faria

Barbosa

Vieira

et al. 2021

Plants

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The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health.

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“…Our observations and earlier reports together indicate that the higher the overlap of geographical distribution, the more similar the environmental factors. Consequently, this resulted in more significant damage by B. xylophilus in P. massoniana and P. thunbergii than P. densiflora (Kim et al, 2020). Among the factors affecting pine species, the temperaturerelated factors demonstrated a greater contribution rate, which indicates higher sensitivity of pine species to temperature changes.…”

Section: Climatic Space For Pine Species and B Xylophilusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximum Entropy Modeling to Predict the Impact of Climate Change on Pine Wilt Disease in China

Tang

Yuan

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Pine wilt disease is a devastating forest disease caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which has been listed as the object of quarantine in China. Climate change influences species and may exacerbate the risk of forest diseases, such as the pine wilt disease. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used in this study to identify the current and potential distribution and habitat suitability of three pine species and B. xylophilus in China. Further, the potential distribution was modeled using the current (1970–2000) and the projected (2050 and 2070) climate data based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5), and fairly robust prediction results were obtained. Our model identified that the area south of the Yangtze River in China was the most severely affected place by pine wilt disease, and the eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau acted as a geographical barrier to pest distribution. Bioclimatic variables related to temperature influenced pine trees’ distribution, while those related to precipitation affected B. xylophilus’s distribution. In the future, the suitable area of B. xylophilus will continue to increase; the shifts in the center of gravity of the suitable habitats of the three pine species and B. xylophilus will be different under climate change. The area ideal for pine trees will migrate slightly northward under RCP 8.5. The pine species will continue to face B. xylophilus threat in 2050 and 2070 under the two distinct climate change scenarios. Therefore, we should plan appropriate measures to prevent its expansion. Predicting the distribution of pine species and the impact of climate change on forest diseases is critical for controlling the pests according to local conditions. Thus, the MaxEnt model proposed in this study can be potentially used to forecast the species distribution and disease risks and provide guidance for the timely prevention and management of B. xylophilus.

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A short review of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Cited by 69 publications

References 71 publications

Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode

Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode

Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles

Maximum Entropy Modeling to Predict the Impact of Climate Change on Pine Wilt Disease in China

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