A short review on electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and graphene quantum dots

Abstract

The synthesis of graphene and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) employing various approaches with a range of precursors, chemicals, and parameters has been reported. Most of the top-down and bottom-up techniques employ strong and hazardous chemical environments, complicated and tedious procedures, are time-consuming, and often require special equipment. Another drawback of the techniques reported is the production of agglomerated, inhomogeneous, and non-dispersible graphene in aqueous solvents or organic solvents, thus limiting its application. This work specifically and comprehensively describes the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and GQDs, which is often considered as a simple one-step, facile, non-hazardous, and highly efficient technique yet favourable for mass production. A brief discussion on the advantageous and challenges of the electrochemical technique and applications of the electrochemically exfoliated graphene and GQDs is also presented.

Sowing kernels for food safety: Importance of rapid on‐site detction of pesticide residues in agricultural foods

“…The coupling of fluorescent nanomaterials with functional materials and advanced recognition elements can provide highly attractive opportunities for sensing pesticide residues. This methodology improved the sensing performance of the device (N. Choi et al., 2021; Danial et al., 2021; Fang et al., 2021; Gu et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2022; Patel et al., 2021; Prabhu et al., 2021; Sahoo et al., 2021; L. Wang et al., 2021; Y. Yan et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021).…”

“…Generally, immunosensors, enzymatic sensors, biological sensors, aptasensors, and direct detection‐based sensors are used for the electrochemical detection of chemical pesticides. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, organophosphate acid hydrolase, choline oxidase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, methyl parathion degrading enzyme, organophosphate hydrolase, tyrosine, and horseradish peroxidase are widely used as biorecognition elements for biosensing (J. R. Choi et al., 2019; Comnea‐Stancu et al., 2021; Danial et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2019; Mali et al., 2022; Meijer et al., 2021; Naveen Prasad et al., 2021; Umapathi et al., 2021; Umapathi, Ghoreishian, et al., 2022; Umapathi, Park, et al., 2022; Vivian et al., 2021; T. Yan et al., 2021).…”

Single and combined nanotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles and graphene quantum dots against the microalgaHeterosigma akashiwo

“…Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are zero-dimensional nanoparticles, small pieces or fragments of single or several layers of graphene with lateral dimensions of less than 100 nm, with excellent chemical, physical and biological properties. 18,[30][31][32] GQDs are electronically closed due to the honeycomb lattice structure of carbon atoms arranged in a ring of six atoms, and possess unique magnetic and pronounced luminescence properties, as well as stability against photobleaching, which is related to the edge effect or defect state (i.e. surface state) of GQDs.…”

Preparation, Marriage Chemistry and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots–Nanocellulose Composite: A Brief Review

“…Over the past few years, many researchers have developed an interest in investigating carbon-based nanomaterials, such as graphene and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) [1][2][3][4]. Graphene is one layer of sp 2 -hybridised carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice [5], whereas GQDs are chopped fragments of a few graphene sheets (<10 nm lateral dimension) and <10 graphene layers which form final particles [6].…”

“…Owing to these properties and the ability to fine-tune them, GQDs are investigated for different applications in biomedicine [10], catalyst development [11], energy [12] and sensing and photo electronics [6]. Different bottom-up and top-down strategies have been used to produce GQDs, such as organic synthesis [13], hydrothermal [14], microwave irradiation [15], chemical exfoliation [16] and electrochemical exfoliation [3,17].…”