A short review on leptospirosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

Chacko, Chinju Susan; S, Shravya Lakshmi; Jayakumar, Anjali; Binu, Steffy Ligi; Pant, Ramesh Datta; Giri, Ashish; Chand, Sharad; Up, Nandakumar

doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100741

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, patients with this disease present with jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia), abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. In severe cases they may have pulmonary haemorrhage, and even renal failure (5). In the current case the patient did not have any of these features and serology for Leptospira was negative.…”

Section: Leptospirosismentioning

confidence: 48%

Oral ulcers, uveitis and thrombosis are looking for a diagnosis…

Forkosh

Ishay

Schwartz

et al. 2022

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

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Section: Leptospirosismentioning

confidence: 48%

Oral ulcers, uveitis and thrombosis are looking for a diagnosis…

Forkosh

Ishay

Schwartz

et al. 2022

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

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“…Minor cases of leptospirosis resolve with time and oral antibiotics such as doxycycline, azithromycin, ampicillin and amoxicillin, which are administered based on the severity of the illness. Treatment with antibiotics must be initiated as soon as a provisional diagnosis of leptospirosis is suspected, regardless of the length of the symptom [92]. Furthermore, most of the coinfected patients respond effectively to fluid therapy, doxycycline and closely monitoring of their platelet count and hematocrit [93,94].…”

Section: Leptospira Coinfection Is It Possible?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis and Coinfection: Should We Be Concerned?

Md-Lasim

Mohd-Taib

Halim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Pathogenic Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. The risk of host infection following interaction with environmental sources depends on the ability of Leptospira to persist, survive, and infect the new host to continue the transmission chain. Leptospira may coexist with other pathogens, thus providing a suitable condition for the development of other pathogens, resulting in multi-pathogen infection in humans. Therefore, it is important to better understand the dynamics of transmission by these pathogens. We conducted Boolean searches of several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, to identify relevant published data on Leptospira and coinfection with other pathogenic bacteria. We review the role of the host-microbiota in determining the synanthropic interaction of Leptospira sp. with other bacteria, thus creating a suitable condition for the leptospira to survive and persist successfully. We also discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that amplify the viability of Leptospira in the environment. The coinfection of leptospira with pathogenic bacteria has rarely been reported, potentially contributing to a lack of awareness. Therefore, the occurrence of leptospirosis coinfection may complicate diagnosis, long-lasting examination, and mistreatment that could lead to mortality. Identifying the presence of leptospirosis with other bacteria through metagenomic analysis could reveal possible coinfection. In conclusion, the occurrence of leptospirosis with other diseases should be of concern and may depend on the success of the transmission and severity of individual infections. Medical practitioners may misdiagnose the presence of multiple infections and should be made aware of and receive adequate training on appropriate treatment for leptospirosis patients. Physicians could undertake a more targeted approach for leptospirosis diagnosis by considering other symptoms caused by the coinfected bacteria; thus, more specific treatment could be given.

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“…The incidence of Leptospirosis is increasing globally on a large scale, even in developed countries, and its transmission and clinical presentation have been varying according to socioeconomic conditions and environments. It is more frequent in low-income countries of tropical regions and in developed countries leptospirosis has been neglected [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differential diagnosis is difficult due to the overlap of its clinical presentations that can mimic other infectious (dengue, influenza, malaria, enteric fever, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis, etc.) or autoimmune diseases [2]. Leptospirosis can be diagnosed by cultures, serological methods, or, more recently, by molecular techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severe Leptospirosis: A Case Report

Cardoso¹,

Gaspar²,

Esteves³

2022

Cureus

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Leptospirosis is an infection caused by Leptospira. Leptospirosis causes disease in humans mainly in developing countries and also in countries with poor housing and sanitation, due to animals (mainly rats) that are potential sources of contamination. The clinical manifestations and the severity of leptospirosis are highly variable.We present the case of a 56-year-old female that was admitted to the emergency department with a threeweek history of fever (38.4ºC), headache, dyspnea, and cough. There was a worsening of the patient's clinical status with respiratory failure and the necessity of admission to the intensive care unit for respiratory support with mechanical ventilation. The treatment was initiated with piperacillin and tazobactam, azithromycin, and steroids. There was a favorable evolution, and the patient was transferred to the internal medicine ward after 12 days with a suspected diagnosis of small vessel vasculitis and pneumonia. In the medical ward, after a careful anamnesis, leptospirosis was suspected and confirmed.The aim of this case report is to highlight the importance of a good anamnesis and the fact that an elaborate clinical history helps to consider new diagnostic hypotheses. Also intends to alert to the existence of leptospirosis in developed countries, a disease underdiagnosed in these countries.

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A short review on leptospirosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Oral ulcers, uveitis and thrombosis are looking for a diagnosis…

Oral ulcers, uveitis and thrombosis are looking for a diagnosis…

Leptospirosis and Coinfection: Should We Be Concerned?

Severe Leptospirosis: A Case Report

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