A short survey on next generation 5G wireless networks

Abstract

<jats:p>&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Current 4G - the fourth-generation wireless communication, which exists in most countries represents an advance of the previous 3 generation wireless communication. However, there are some challenges and limitations, associated with an explosion of wireless devices, which cannot be accommodated by 4G. Increasing the proliferation of smart devices, the development of new multimedia applications and growing demand for high data rates are among the main problems of the existing 4G system. As a solution, the wireless system designers have started research on the fifth-generation wireless systems. 5G will be the paradigm shift that could provide with ultra-high data rate, low latency, increase of the base station capacity and improved quality of services. This paper will be the review of the changes through the evolution of existing cellular networks toward 5G. There will be represented a comprehensive study associated with 5G, requirements for 5G, its advantages, and challenges. We will explain the architecture changes – radio access network (RAN), air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud RAN and HetNet. Furthermore, there will be discussed about physical layer technologies, which include new channel modes estimation, new antenna design, and MIMO technologies. Also, we will discuss the MAC layer protocols. We will look at three kinds of technologies: heterogeneous networks, massive multiple-input, and output, millimeter-wave. Finally, there will be explained the applications, supported by 5G, new features, various possibilities, and predictions.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; </jats:p>

Studying the change in inclination and semi-major axis of the satellites for low earth orbits

“…This is why computational techniques are still utilized nearly entirely in satellite geodesy orbit computations. The osculating elements of orbital for TDRS's satellite demonstrated in a table (1), figures (2)(3)(4)(5) shows the variation in the inclination of the above satellites since the perturbation of central body including tidal of the Solid Earth over a short period 2 day corresponding on about 25 revolutions around the earth and period for 2, 4and 8 days. From these figures, we calculate the variation (∆𝑖 𝑖 ⁄ ), the result is given in table (2) shows that as the inclinations of satellites increase, the (∆𝑖 𝑖 ⁄ ) decrease.…”

“…A satellite's orbit is influenced by disturbing factors, including accelerations originating from the central body, drag, pressure of solar radiation, third body, and several other forces, although most are very limited and typically ignored. As machine capabilities grow to be regarded, tides are becoming more significant [1][2][3]. In low Earth orbit, tidal forces induce measurable shifts in the satellites [4,5].…”

Design and Analysis of a Bandwidth Aware Adaptive Multipath N-Channel Routing Protocol for 5G Internet of Things (IoT)

“…In the meantime, the development of 5G networks is increasingly serving as a primary engine for the expansion of IoT. 5G is anticipated to offer increased coverage, better throughput, lower latency, and huge capacity connection density [13,17], paving the path for the Internet to connect billions of sensors. For 5G networks to be effectively adapted to IoT, several potential approaches and technologies have also been put forth, including millimeter-wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO), and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications.…”

Routing-Based Interference Mitigation in SDN Enabled Beyond 5G Communication Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

“…The authors in [18] provided a short survey on 5G networks with a discussion on interference issues and challenges related to physical layer implementations such as mm-Wave, Smart Antenna, etc. However, the article does not cover SDN-based potential solutions and challenges.…”