A signal-detection analysis of eyewitness identification across the adult lifespan.

Colloff, Melissa F.; Wade, Kimberley A.; Wixted, John T.; Maylor, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1037/pag0000168

Cited by 36 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Recent research in the adult witness literature using CAC analysis suggests that there is generally a strong relationship between confidence and suspect ID accuracy in adults (e.g., see Wixted & Wells, 2017 for a review). Confidence typically tracks suspect ID accuracy, even in situations where overall memory discrimination accuracy is comparatively poor, such as in older adults compared to younger adults (Colloff, Wade, Wixted, & Maylor, 2017); or in those who experienced a longer delay between encoding and the identification test (Wixted, Read, & Lindsay, 2016). To explain why confidence typically tracks suspect ID accuracy, even in situations where overall memory discrimination accuracy is comparatively poor, we need to consider theoretical models from basic science.…”

Section: Measuring the Relationship Between Confidence And Memory Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To explain why confidence typically tracks suspect ID accuracy, even in situations where overall memory discrimination accuracy is comparatively poor, we need to consider theoretical models from basic science. In this regard, a constant likelihood ratio signal-detection model from the broader memory literature has recently been applied to account for adult witness memory performance (Colloff et al, 2017;Semmler, Dunn, Wixted, & Mickes, 2018;Stretch & Wixted, 1998).…”

Section: Measuring the Relationship Between Confidence And Memory Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that adults learn how to place their confidence criteria optimally through a lifetime of error feedback training about the circumstances in which their memories are and are not accurate (Mickes, Hwe, Wais, & Wixted, 2011;Stretch & Wixted, 1998). The constant likelihood ratio signal-detection model has been applied to account for performance of older adults, showing that they optimally place their criteria to compensate for age-related decline in memory performance (Colloff et al, 2017) and also to show that adults optimally place their criteria to compensate for viewing distance impairments on memory performance (Semmler et al, 2018). As such, theory predicts and data suggest that, at least as adults, eyewitnesses can be reliable; they have metacognitive skills to monitor memory and can usually assign appropriate confidence judgements that reflect their identification accuracy.…”

Section: Constant Likelihood Ratio Signal-detection Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child Witness Expressions of Certainty are Informative

Winsor¹,

Flowe²,

Seale-Carlisle³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Children are frequently victims and witnesses of crime. In the witness identification literature, children are deemed to have unreliable memories. Yet, in developmental research, even young children display appropriate metacognitive cues that reflect their accuracy. To address these contradictory findings, we asked children in young- (4–6 years), middle- (7–9 years), and late- (10–17 years) childhood (N = 2,205) to watch a person in a video, and then identify that person from a police lineup. We asked children to provide a confidence rating for their identification decision (a direct metacognitive cue), and used an interactive lineup—in which the lineup faces can be rotated and viewed from different angles—to analyze children’s viewing behavior (an indirect metacognitive cue). According to calibration statistics that have traditionally been calculated in the witness literature, confidence was only informative about accuracy in late-childhood. Confidence-Accuracy Characteristic analysis, however, suggested that confidence and accuracy were related and high-confidence suspect identifications were highly accurate in middle- and late- childhood. Moreover, in all age groups, viewing behavior on the interactive lineup differed in children who made correct compared to incorrect suspect identifications. Our research suggests that the fundamental architecture of metacognition that has previously been evidenced in the developmental literature on relatively simple tasks, also underlies performance on complex tasks like an identification from a lineup. Moreover, our findings are practically important for legal professionals interpreting child memory evidence: Namely, identifications made by children can be reliable when appropriate metacognitive cues are used to assess accuracy.

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Section: Measuring the Relationship Between Confidence And Memory Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measuring the Relationship Between Confidence And Memory Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constant Likelihood Ratio Signal-detection Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Child Witness Expressions of Certainty are Informative

Winsor¹,

Flowe²,

Seale-Carlisle³

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Not surprisingly, the young group was significantly more accurate and faster than the older group. Very often old age is associated with a decreasing ability to identify faces, however, while this is often the case, older participants are also aware of this process and often evaluate their own judgments as less reliable [36]. Men's faces were identified as male more accurately and faster, not only in the group of young adults, but also in the older age group and in the all -women sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Faster and More Accurate Identification of Male Faces in Female Care Home Residents

Lange-Küttner¹,

Martinez-Claras²

2020

OBM Neurobiology

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We investigated whether healthy older adults who live in female-dominated old age care homes can identify the gender of male and female faces of people from different ethnicities in the same way as young adults. We hypothesized that this mainly female environment would lead by exposure to a female-gender bias. A sample of 40 participants aged 20-30 and 70-80 years identified the sex-of-face of 120 images of young and old adults, male and female faces, black and white faces, presented in a randomized sequence in a self-paced computer task. The young group was significantly more accurate and faster than the older group in sex-of-face identification. Men's faces were identified as male faster than female faces as female by both young and old adults. Men's faces were also more accurately identified by younger adults, but in care home residents, this was only the case for faces of young white and older black men. Faces of white older women were identified more accurately than those of black older women by the care home residents, especially in the women-only sample when men were excluded from statistical analysis. Because the known masculinity bias in women prevailed beyond the menopause, it is discussed whether rather than fertility hormones, women's testosterone would be a likely candidate explaining the male advantage in sex-of-face identification throughout the lifespan .

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“… both have been studied at a perceptual level, including eye tracking both have been studied using signal detection theory both have been studied in terms of the relation between confidence and accuracy . …”

Section: Cognitive Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosing Crime and Diagnosing Disease‐II: Visual Pattern Perception and Diagnostic Accuracy

Satya‐Murti¹,

Lockhart²

2018

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Previously, we reviewed how general cognitive processes might be susceptible to bias across both forensic and clinical fields, and how interdisciplinary comparisons could reduce error. We discuss several examples of clinical tasks which are heavily dependent on visual processing, comparing them to eyewitness identification (EI). We review the "constructive" nature of visual processing, and how contextual factors influence both medical experts and witnesses in decision making and recall. Overall, studies suggest common cognitive factors uniting these visual tasks, in both their strengths and shortcomings. Recently forensic sciences have advocated reducing errors by identifying and controlling nonrelevant information. Such efforts could effectively assist medical diagnosis. We suggest potential remedies for cognitive bias in these tasks. These can generalize across the clinical and forensic domains, including controlling the sequencing of contextual factors. One solution is an agnostic primary reading before incorporation of a complete history and interpretation.

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A signal-detection analysis of eyewitness identification across the adult lifespan.

Cited by 36 publications

References 60 publications

Child Witness Expressions of Certainty are Informative

Child Witness Expressions of Certainty are Informative

Faster and More Accurate Identification of Male Faces in Female Care Home Residents

Diagnosing Crime and Diagnosing Disease‐II: Visual Pattern Perception and Diagnostic Accuracy

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