A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan

Miyake, Fusa; Nagaya, Kentaro; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, Toshio

doi:10.1038/nature11123

Cited by 461 publications

(645 citation statements)

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“…Hambaryan & Neuhäuser (2013) suggested that a short hard Gamma-Ray-Burst could have caused the event, because all observables including the 14 C to 10 Be production ratio are consistent with such a burst. Eichler & Mordecai (2012) argued that a large solar flare cannot explain the event (as also argued in Miyake et al 2012), but an impact of a massive comet onto the Sun may be able to explain the energetics. Liu et al (2014) recently obtained additional 14 C measurements of corals off the Chinese coast, which have a much higher time resolution of, e.g., two weeks, while tree ⋆ E-mail: jessechapman@berkeley.edu rings have a one-year time resolution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They excluded supernovae as a possible cause due to the lack of any historic observations and of any young nearby supernova remnants, and they also excluded solar super-flares as a cause, because their spectra would not sufficiently explain the 14 C to 10 Be production ratio observed for that time. Then, Usoskin & Kovaltsov (2012), Melott & Thomas (2012), Thomas et al (2013), and Usoskin et al (2013) suggested that a solar super-flare beamed with only ≥ 24 • degree beam size could have caused the event (Melott & Thomas 2012), in particular if four to six times less 14 C was produced than calculated in Miyake et al (2012) due to a different carbon circulation model (Usoskin et al 2013). Hambaryan & Neuhäuser (2013) suggested that a short hard Gamma-Ray-Burst could have caused the event, because all observables including the 14 C to 10 Be production ratio are consistent with such a burst.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1 Introduction: The AD 774/5 event Miyake et al (2012) found a strong increase in the 14 C to 12 C isotope ratio in two Japanese trees from the year AD 774 to 775. They excluded supernovae as a possible cause due to the lack of any historic observations and of any young nearby supernova remnants, and they also excluded solar super-flares as a cause, because their spectra would not sufficiently explain the 14 C to 10 Be production ratio observed for that time.…”

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The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January

2014

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The strong 14C increase in the year AD 774/5 detected in one German and two Japanese trees was recently suggested to have been caused by an impact of a comet onto Earth and a deposition of large amounts of 14C into the atmosphere (Liu et al. 2014). The authors supported their claim using a report of a historic Chinese observation of a comet ostensibly colliding with Earth's atmosphere in AD 773 January. We show here that the Chinese text presented by those authors is not an original historic text, but that it is comprised of several different sources. Moreover, the translation presented in Liu et al. is misleading and inaccurate. We give the exact Chinese wordings and our English translations. According to the original sources, the Chinese observed a comet in mid January 773, but they report neither a collision nor a large coma, just a long tail. Also, there is no report in any of the source texts about "dust rain in the daytime" as claimed by Liu et al. (2014), but simply a normal dust storm. Ho (1962) reports sightings of this comet in China on AD 773 Jan 15 and/or 17 and in Japan on AD 773 Jan 20 (Ho 1962). At the relevant historic time, the Chinese held that comets were produced within the Earth's atmosphere, so that it would have been impossible for them to report a "collision" of a comet with Earth's atmosphere. The translation and conclusions made by Liu et al. (2014) are not supported by the historical record. Therefore, postulating a sudden increase in 14C in corals off the Chinese coast precisely in mid January 773 (Liu et al. 2014) is not justified given just the 230Th dating for AD 783 \pm 14.Comment: 4 pages with one figure, paper in press in Astronomical Notes 201

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The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January

2014

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“…On timescales of 100 -1000 years, solar events such as the well-known Carrington event of 1859 and the 774/775 AD radiation burst (based on 14 C spike in tree rings) become important (Miyake et al 2012;Melott & Thomas 2012). 60 Fe deposits found on the ocean floor (multiple locations around the globe) as well as on the Moon, indicate the occurrence of multiple nearby supernovae within ∼100 pc from the solar system (Knie et al 2004;Binns et al 2016;Breitschwerdt et al 2016;Fimiani et al 2016;Wallner et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Did high-energy astrophysical sources contribute to Martian atmospheric loss?

Atri¹

2016

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

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Mars is believed to have had a substantial atmosphere in the past. Atmospheric loss led to depressurization and cooling, and is thought to be the primary driving force responsible for the loss of liquid water from its surface. Recently, MAVEN observations have provided new insight into the physics of atmospheric loss induced by ICMEs and solar wind interacting with the Martian atmosphere. In addition to solar radiation, it is likely that its atmosphere has been exposed to radiation bursts from high-energy astrophysical sources which become highly probable on timescales of ∼Gy and beyond. These sources are capable of significantly enhancing the rates of photoionization and charged particle-induced ionization in the upper atmosphere. We use Monte Carlo simulations to model the interaction of charged particles and photons from astrophysical sources in the upper Martian atmosphere and discuss its implications on atmospheric loss. Our calculations suggest that the passage of the solar system though dense interstellar clouds is the most significant contributor to atmospheric loss among the sources considered here.

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“…The possible impacts of superflares on space weather and terrestrial environment have been vigorously discussed (Miyake et al 2012;Schrijver et al 2012;Shibata et al 2013;Tsurutani & Lakhina 2014;Hayakawa et al 2015;Airapetian et al 2016;Takahashi et al 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sheath-accumulating Propagation of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection

Takahashi

Shibata

2017

ApJL

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Fast interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the drivers of strong space weather storms such as solar energetic particle events and geomagnetic storms. The connection between the space-weather-impacting solar wind disturbances associated with fast ICMEs at Earth and the characteristics of causative energetic CMEs observed near the Sun is a key question in the study of space weather storms, as well as in the development of practical space weather prediction. Such shock-driving fast ICMEs usually expand at supersonic speeds during the propagation, resulting in the continuous accumulation of shocked sheath plasma ahead. In this paper, we propose a "sheath-accumulating propagation" (SAP) model that describes the coevolution of the interplanetary sheath and decelerating ICME ejecta by taking into account the process of upstream solar wind plasma accumulation within the sheath region. Based on the SAP model, we discuss (1) ICME deceleration characteristics; (2) the fundamental condition for fast ICMEs at Earth; (3) the thickness of interplanetary sheaths; (4) arrival time prediction; and (5) the super-intense geomagnetic storms associated with huge solar flares. We quantitatively show that not only the speed but also the mass of the CME are crucial for discussing the above five points. The similarities and differences between the SAP model, the drag-based model, and the"snow-plow" model proposed by Tappin are also discussed.

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A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan

Cited by 461 publications

References 24 publications

The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January

The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January

Did high-energy astrophysical sources contribute to Martian atmospheric loss?

Sheath-accumulating Propagation of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection

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