A Similar Lifetime CV Risk and a Similar Cardiometabolic Profile in the Moderate and High Cardiovascular Risk Populations: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major, worldwide problem that remains the dominant cause of premature mortality in the world, and increasing rates of dysglycaemia are a major contributor to its development. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiometabolic profile among patients in particular cardiovascular risk classes, and to estimate their long term CV risk. Methods: A total of 931 individuals aged 20–79 were included. The study population was divided into CV risk classes according to the latest European Society of Cardiology recommendations. Results: Most of the analyzed anthropometric, body composition and laboratory parameters did not differ between the moderate and high CV risk participants. Interestingly, estimating the lifetime risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or CV death, using the LIFEtime-perspective model for individualizing CardioVascular Disease prevention strategies in apparently healthy people, yielded similar results in moderate and high CV risk classes. Conclusion: The participants who belonged to moderate and high CV risk classes had very similar unfavorable cardiometabolic profiles, which may result in similar lifetime CV risk. This may imply the need for more aggressive pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of CV risk factors in the moderate CV risk population, who are often unaware of their situation. New prospective population studies are necessary to establish the true cardiovascular risk profiles in a changing society.

Effectiveness of Lifestyle Modification vs. Therapeutic, Preventative Strategies for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Prevention—A Cohort Study

“…The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table The mean age of the study population was 49.1 ± 15.5 years old, and 43.2% of the participants were male. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1, and detailed data are elsewhere [8]. In 2018, the local population aged 20-79 years old from which we sampled was equal to 208,303.…”

“…In Table 5, we present the estimated number of the local inhabitants who would survive (Pol-SCORE) or who would not develop their first CVD event within 10 years (FRS) and would not develop MI, stroke, or CV death (LIFE-CVD) within 10 years or within their lifetime after applying the appropriate prevention strategies. Finally, in Table 6, we present the estimated CVD burden in the local population based on an earlier analysis [8]. We performed this analysis in order to be able to present these data to representatives of the authorities and the community more vividly.…”

“…According to the "2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk" [2] recommendations, the study population was divided into CV risk classes. A detailed description of the subdivision is presented elsewhere [8].…”

“…Therefore, in this study, we focused on assessing CV risk in people without a known CVD, most of whom were unaware of their increased CV risk. For this purpose, we used various validated calculators to assess CV risk in primary prevention [7,8]. The Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation-Polish version (Pol-SCORE) was used to assess the 10-year risk of fatal CV based on the following risk factors: age, gender, smoking, systolic blood pressure (BPs), and total cholesterol (TC) for individuals aged 40-70 [9,10].…”

“…** TC > 190 mg/dL or LDL-c > 116 mg/dL in low CV class, >100 mg/dL in moderate CV class, >70 mg/dL in high CV class, and >55 mg/dL in very high CV class. *** Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or OGGT 120 min glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL.The percentages of the very high risk, high risk, moderate risk, and low CV risk classes were 17.6%, 13.5%, 22.8%, and 46.1%, respectively[8]. The mean Pol-SCORE risk was 3.98% (95% CI 3.54, 4.42), the mean FRS-Lipids was 8.42% (95% CI 7.82, 9.02), and the mean FRS-BMI was 10.73% (95% CI 10.03, 11.43).…”