“…Constructing effective constitutive laws without prior knowledge on their form is, however, possible, but in some restricted cases. A second class of techniques is based on the construction of a numerical, material map between effective stress and strains (Terada and Kikuchi, 1995;Takano et al, 1996;Temizer and Wriggers, 2007;Yvonnet et al, 2009Yvonnet et al, , 2013Clément et al, 2012;Tran et al, 2011), which can be applied, for example, in the case of hyperelastic materials or for linear viscoelasticity, as described in the following. A third class of methodologies, valid for viscoplastic materials at small strains, uses preliminary computations to construct a basis for anelastic modes (TFA and NTFA techniques).…”