A simple high sample volume ashing procedure for determination of soil organic matter

Storer, Donald A.

doi:10.1080/00103628409367515

Cited by 320 publications

(163 citation statements)

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“…All root samples were transported to the laboratory, and carefully washed on a 60 mm sieve to separate the roots from the soil at once. All washed roots were weighed after oven drying at 65 • C for 48 h. Total SOC was determined by loss on ignition at 500 • C (Storer, 1984). Total N concentration was measured by the Kjeldahl procedure (Bremner et al, 1996).…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Jia

2014

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The Gonghe Basin is a sandified and desertified region of China, but the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) along the cultivation chronosequence across this ecologically fragile region is not well understood. This study was carried out to understand the effects of restoration with Salix cheilophila for different periods of time (6, 11, 16, 21 years) to test whether it enhanced C and N storage. Soil samples, in four replications from seven depth increments (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, 100-150 and 150-200 cm), were collected in each stand. Soil bulk density, SOC, TN, aboveground biomass and root biomass were measured. Results indicated that changes occurred in both the upper and deeper soil layers with an increase in revegetation time. The 0-200 cm soil showed that the 6-year stand gained 3.89 Mg C ha −1 and 1.00 Mg N ha −1 , which accounted for 40.82 % of the original SOC and 11.06 % of the TN of the 0-year stand. The 11-year stand gained 7.82 Mg C ha −1 and 1.98 Mg N ha −1 in the 0-200 cm soil layers, accounting for 58.06 % of the SOC and 19.80 % of the TN of the 0-year stand. The 16-year stand gained 11.32 Mg C ha −1 and 3.30 Mg N ha −1 in the 0-200 cm soil layers, accounting for 66.71 % of the SOC and 21.98 % of the TN of the 0-year stand. The 21-year stand gained 13.05 Mg C ha −1 and 5.45 Mg N ha −1 from the same soil depth, accounting for 69.79 % of the SOC and 40.47 % of the TN compared with the 0-year stand. The extent of these changes depended on soil depth and plantation age. The results demonstrated that, as stand age increased, the storage of SOC and TN increased. These results further indicated that restoration with S. cheilophila has positive impacts on the Gonghe Basin and has increased the capacity of SOC sequestration and N storage. The shrub's role as carbon sink is compatible with system management and persistence. The findings are significant for assessing C and N sequestration accurately in semi-arid degraded high, cold sandy regions in the future.

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Section: Soil Sampling and Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Jia

2014

Solid Earth

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“…For initial physicochemical characteristics of the soils, subsamples were used according to standard procedures. Soil pH was (7.9-8.3) measured with H 2 O (1:2.5 ratio), while soil organic content (SOC) was (2.7-6.2%) measured according to procedure given by Storer (1984).…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Khan

Cao

2011

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic contaminants present in soil ecosystem globally. These pollutants are gradually accumulating in wastewater-irrigated soils and lead to the contamination of vegetables. Food chain contamination with PAH is considered as one of the major pathways for human exposure. This study was aimed to investigate the concentrations of PAH in soils and vegetables collected from wastewater-irrigated fields from metropolitan areas of Beijing, China. Origin of PAH, daily intake, and health risks of PAH through consumption of contaminated vegetables were studied. Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from the upper horizon (0-20 cm) of both wastewater-irrigated and reference sites and sieved (<2 mm mesh) and then followed by freeze-drying at −50°C and 123 ± 2 Pa. Standing vegetables were also collected from the same sites used for soil sampling and divided into roots and shoots, thoroughly washed with deionized water, and freeze-dried. PAH were extracted using the Soxhlet method with 200 mL DCM for 24 h, and the extracts were cleaned with silica adsorption chromatography prepared with silica gel, alumina, and capped with anhydrous sodium. The final concentrated extracts (soil and vegetable) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Agilent 6890). Bioaccumulation factors, daily intake of PAH, and carcinogenicity of PAH were calculated by different statistical equations. (BaP). The emission sources of PAH were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. However, the total concentrations of PAH were lower than the permissible limits set by different countries like Canada, Denmark and Germany. Highest total PAH concentration was found in the shoots of Spinacia oleracea L., while lowest in the roots of Raphanus sativus. In this study, the values of total toxic BaP equivalent (TEQ) through consumption of vegetables were found in order of S. oleracea L.>Lactuca sativa L.> Brassica oleracea L.>Brassica napus>Brassica juncea L.>R. sativus L. The data indicate that the daily intake of BaP through consumption of vegetables for adults were lower than virtually safe dose set by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PAH concentrations in soil and vegetables were lower than their respective permissible limits set by different organizations. However, the highest intake of total PAH was estimated through consumption of S. oleracea L. for both adults and children.

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“…After transportation to laboratory, small rocks and plant materials were removed by sieving through a 2-mm mesh, freeze-dried (123±2 pa and -50°C), and then sealed in Kraft paper envelopes and stored at -20°C until analysis, while sub-samples were used to measure the soil physico-chemical properties according to standard procedures (Table 1). Soil pH was measured with H 2 O (1:2.5 ratio), while soil organic content (SOC) was measured by loss of mass on ignition in a muffle oven at 360°C for 2 h (Storer 1984). For initial concentrations of 16 PAHs, 10 g of freeze-dried soil was extracted through Soxhlet extraction procedure for 24 h with 200 ml dichloromethane (DCM) and the concentrated extracts analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent 6890, USA).…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Khan

Cao

Lin

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and contribute to the pollution of soil environment. Soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAH-contaminated soils because soil ingestion is one of the potentially important pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly relevant for children playing at contaminated sites due to their hand-to-mouth activities. In vitro gastro-intestinal tests imitate the human digestive tract, based on the physiology of humans, generally more simple, less time-consuming, and especially more reproducible than animal tests. This study was conducted to investigate the level of PAH contamination and oral bioaccessibility in surface soils, using physiologically based in vitro gastro-intestinal tests regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. Materials and methods Wastewater-irrigated soils were sampled from the metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin, China, which were highly contaminated with PAHs. Reference soil samples were also collected for comparisons. At each site, four soils were sampled in the upper horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm randomly and were bulked together to form one composite sample. PAH concentrations and origin were investigated and a physiologically based in vitro test was conducted using all analytical grade reagents. Linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between total PAH concentrations in soils and soil organic carbon (SOC). Results A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 1,304 to 3,369 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Tianjin, while ranging from 2,687 to 4,916 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Beijing, was detected. In general, total PAH concentrations in soils from Beijing sites were significantly higher than those from Tianjin sites, indicating a dominant contribution from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Results indicated that the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in small intestinal was significantly higher (from P<0.05 to P<0.001) than gastric condition. Similarly, the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated sites was significantly higher (from P≤0.05 to P<0.001) than in reference sites. Individual PAH ratios (three to six rings), a more accurate and reliable estimation about the emission sources, were used to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic PAH inputs in the soils. Results indicated that PAHs were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. Discussion The identification of PAH sources and importance of in vitro test for PAH bioaccessibility were emphasized in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with increasing ring numbers of PAHs in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric conditions to that in the small intestinal condition generally increased with increasing ring number...

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A simple high sample volume ashing procedure for determination of soil organic matter

Cited by 320 publications

References 3 publications

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

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A simple high sample volume ashing procedure for determination of soil organic matter

Cited by 320 publications

References 3 publications

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of &lt;i&gt;Salix cheilophila&lt;/i&gt; Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of &lt;i&gt;Salix cheilophila&lt;/i&gt; Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

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Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of <i>Salix cheilophila</i> Schneid along a revegetation chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau