A simple in situ tubular chemical vapor deposition processing of large-scale efficient perovskite solar cells and the research on their novel roll-over phenomenon in J–V curves

Luo, Peng; Liu, Zhaofan; Xia, Wei; Chen, Yuan; Cheng, Jigui; Lu, Ying‐Wei

doi:10.1039/c5ta02306h

Cited by 75 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…This simple and low‐cost film growth method provides excellent controllability and repeatability for batch processing, which has been regarded as a cost‐effective road for fabricating high‐quality perovskites. Subsequently, an array of CVD techniques, such as in situ tubular CVD (ITCVD), one‐step tubular CVD, aerosol‐assisted CVD (AACVD), hybrid physical‐chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD), modified chemical vapor transport (mCVT), and so on, are consecutively invented, and remarkable achievements of PSCs by CVD method have been made. The highest PCE is approaching 19%; while stable and large‐area perovskites have been achieved by Qi and our group .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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just a couple of years, suggesting a bright future for PV application. [15][16][17] To date, a number of processing technologies have been developed to fabricate perovskites, such as solution process, [2,3,[18][19][20][21] thermal evaporation, [22,23] flash evaporation, [24] atomic layer deposition (ALD), [25] doctor-blade coating, [26] slot-die coating, [27] spray deposition, [28] and ink-jet printing, [29] etc. Among various approaches, the most studied solution method not only achieves highly efficient PSCs but also owns cost advantage. However, the uncontrolled over-rapid liquid reaction often generates rough and porous films with incomplete conversions, resulting in large variations on film morphology and PV response. [18][19][20][21] Inversely, thermal evaporation can generate high-quality films with smooth and pinhole-free morphologies, in which the moderate gas-phase reaction characteristic effectively relieves the reaction rate. Nevertheless, there are a few of disadvantages in vacuum process, for instance, low material utilization, high equipment investment and energy consumption, hampering its further application. [22][23][24][25] The rest technologies often produce poor film quality, and are also difficult to scale up. [26][27][28][29] Therefore, development of a new class of advanced fabrication technology shall be critical for the future commercialization of PSCs.In 2013, a radically different technology, that is, vapor-assisted solution process (VASP), is invented by Yang and coworkers. [30] This method combines the advantages of gas-phase deposition and solution process. Concretely speaking, PbI 2 films are first spin-coated as the precursors, and then reacted with MAI vapor in a closed room. The attraction of this work is that film growth via in situ gas-solid (G-S) reaction, which is considered as a fruitful way for preparing perovskites. Subsequently, similar G-S crystallization and other modified VASP approaches are reported. [31][32][33] However, VASP methods require manipulations in glove box or protecting atmosphere, and show poor controllability and versatility, unsuitable for their mass production. Soon after, as an evolution of VASP, more convenient tubular CVD technology is successively developed by independent groups. [34][35][36] This simple and low-cost film growth method provides excellent controllability and repeatability for batch processing, which has been regarded as a cost-effective road for fabricating high-quality perovskites. Subsequently, an array of CVD techniques, such as in situ tubular CVD (ITCVD), [37] one-step tubular CVD, [38] aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD), [39][40][41][42] hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD), [43] modified chemical vapor transport (mCVT), [44] and so on, are consecutively invented, and remarkable achievements of PSCs by In recent years, high-efficient and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have triggered a strong interest in the photovoltaic (PV) field. However, it is still challenging to develop cost-effective perovskite fabricatio...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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“…33 Recently, the VASP method was applied to investigate the formation of intermediate phases during the hybrid vapor reaction. 34,35 Jain et al performed VASP method for perovskite films growth on planar ( Fig.…”

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Research Update: Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films and solar cells by vapor phase reaction

Shen

Chiang

et al. 2016

APL Materials

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With the rapid progress in deposition techniques for hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films, this new class of photovoltaic (PV) technology has achieved material quality and power conversion efficiency comparable to those established technologies. Among the various techniques for HOIP thin films preparation, vapor based deposition technique is considered as a promising alternative process to substitute solution spin-coating method for large-area or scale-up preparation. This technique provides some unique benefits for high-quality perovskite crystallization, which are discussed in this research update.

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“…Af ractiono ft he film is PbI 2 residue, as characterizedb yt he peak at 12.78.T he observed PbI 2 is formed duringt he final heat treatment (145 8C, 30 min) of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films, as already demonstrated to result in dissociation of parto fC H 3 NH 3 PbI 3 back into PbI 2 . [14,27] For the perovskite film obtained with CH 3 NH 3 Br vapor (Figure 1b), an XRD pattern similar to that of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is observedw ith peaks shifted to slightly highera ngles,w hich can be rationalized by the smaller crystalline lattice, asc aused by the replacement of Iw ith smaller atoms of Br. [5] For this sample, no PbI 2 is detected, which indicates complete calcination during vapor processing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Mixed‐Halide CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xX_x (X=Cl, Br, I) Perovskites: Vapor‐Assisted Solution Deposition and Application as Solar Cell Absorbers

et al. 2016

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There have been recent reports on the formation of single-halide perovskites, CH3 NH3 PbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I), by means of vapor-assisted solution processing. Herein, the successful formation of mixed-halide perovskites (CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Xx ) by means of a vapor-assisted solution method at ambient atmosphere is reported. The perovskite films are synthesized by exposing PbI2 film to CH3 NH3 X (X=I, Br, or Cl) vapor. The prepared perovskite films have uniform surfaces with good coverage, as confirmed by SEM images. The inclusion of chlorine and bromine into the structure leads to a lower temperature and shorter reaction time for optimum perovskite film formation. In the case of CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Clx , the optimum reaction temperature is reduced to 100 °C, and the resulting phases are CH3 NH3 PbI3 (with trace Cl) and CH3 NH3 PbCl3 with a ratio of about 2:1. In the case of CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Brx , single-phase CH3 NH3 PbI2 Br is formed in a considerably shorter reaction time than that of CH3 NH3 PbI3 . The mesostructured perovskite solar cells based on CH3 NH3 PbI3 films show the best optimal power conversion efficiency of 13.5 %, whereas for CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Clx and CH3 NH3 PbI3-x Brx the best recorded efficiencies are 11.6 and 10.5 %, respectively.

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A simple in situ tubular chemical vapor deposition processing of large-scale efficient perovskite solar cells and the research on their novel roll-over phenomenon in J–V curves

Abstract: A simple ITCVD method is developed to fabricate PSCs, and their roll-over phenomenon in J–V curves is first investigated.

Cited by 75 publications

References 40 publications

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Research Update: Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films and solar cells by vapor phase reaction

Mixed‐Halide CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xX_x (X=Cl, Br, I) Perovskites: Vapor‐Assisted Solution Deposition and Application as Solar Cell Absorbers

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A simple in situ tubular chemical vapor deposition processing of large-scale efficient perovskite solar cells and the research on their novel roll-over phenomenon in J–V curves

Abstract: A simple ITCVD method is developed to fabricate PSCs, and their roll-over phenomenon in J–V curves is first investigated.

Cited by 75 publications

References 40 publications

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Research Update: Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films and solar cells by vapor phase reaction

Mixed‐Halide CH3NH3PbI3−xXx (X=Cl, Br, I) Perovskites: Vapor‐Assisted Solution Deposition and Application as Solar Cell Absorbers

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Mixed‐Halide CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xX_x (X=Cl, Br, I) Perovskites: Vapor‐Assisted Solution Deposition and Application as Solar Cell Absorbers