A Simple Method for the Analysis of Particle Sizes of Forage and Total Mixed Rations

Lammers, B.P.; Buckmaster, Dennis R.; Heinrichs, A.J.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76442-1

Cited by 467 publications

(493 citation statements)

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“…Barley straw was coarsely chopped with a chopping machine and contained 94.4% DM, 93.6% OM, 3.1% CP, 81.9% NDF and 51.3% ADF, on a DM basis. Once chopped, all the straw was handled for particle size separation using the 2-screen Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS; Lammers et al, 1996) and only material of more than 8 mm was used to feed the heifers. Feeders were cleaned and orts were collected at 0830 h each morning, and feed was offered once daily at 0900 h. Straw samples were taken on days 2, 4 and 6, for the straw offered, and daily for the straw refused, just before cleaning the feedbunks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of feeding method on intake and behaviour of individually reared beef heifers fed a concentrate diet from 115 to 185 kg of body weight

Iraira

Ruiz-de-la-Torre

Rodríguez-Prado

et al. 2012

Animal

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A total of eight Simmental heifers (114 6 3.2 days old and weighing 118 6 3.8 kg BW) were used to study the effects of feeding method on intake and animal behaviour in a crossover design experiment. Treatments consisted of feeding concentrate and chopped barley straw as (1) choice (CH; concentrate and straw in separate feedbunks) or (2) total mixed ration (TMR; concentrate and straw in one feedbunk). Feeds were offered on an ad libitum basis, but always maintaining a concentrate to straw ratio of 90 to 10. The experiment was performed in two 21-day periods, and sampling was carried out in the last week of each period. At the end of each period, treatment was changed for heifers; hence, the final number of animals per treatment was eight. Intake was recorded over 7 consecutive days. BW was recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment and on day 21 of each experimental period. Barley straw was coarsely chopped with a chopping machine. Once chopped, all the straw was handled for particle size separation using the 2-screen Penn State Particle Separator and only material of more than 8 mm was used to feed the heifers. Animal behaviour was video-recorded for 24 h on day 2 and day 6 of each experimental period. Concentrate intake and total dry matter intake of heifers fed with the CH feeding method were higher (P , 0.01 and P , 0.05) than when fed with TMR (5.1 and 5.3 v. 4.7 and 5.0 kg dry matter (DM)/day, respectively). Conversely, barley straw was consumed in higher amounts in heifers fed with the TMR feeding method (0.3 v. 0.2 kg DM/day, respectively; P 5 0.001). The total NDF intake was similar in both treatments. In contrast, NDF intake from barley straw and physically effective NDF intake were higher in heifers fed with the TMR feeding method than when fed with CH. Feeding method used to feed heifers did not affect the consumption of the different kinds of barley straw particles and eating and drinking behaviours but affected ruminating behaviour. Heifers fed TMR spent more time ruminating than heifers fed concentrate and barley straw separately (376 v. 287 min/day, respectively; P , 0.01). TMR as the feeding method in intensive beef production systems could be a good approach to promote roughage intake.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of feeding method on intake and behaviour of individually reared beef heifers fed a concentrate diet from 115 to 185 kg of body weight

Iraira

Ruiz-de-la-Torre

Rodríguez-Prado

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…A avaliação do tamanho de partículas das silagens foi realizada com base na estratificação das partículas por meio do método "Penn State Particle Size" (Lammers et al, 1996). Entretanto, foi incorporada uma adaptação ao método original realizada por Mari & Nussio (2002) com a inserção de uma peneira adicional com orifícios de diâmetro de 38 mm.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Cana-de-açúcar ensilada com ou sem aditivos químicos: fermentação e composição química

et al. 2009

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RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos de aditivos químicos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar sobre a dinâmica fermentativa e a composição química das silagens. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. A cana-de-açúcar foi ensilada sem aditivo ou tratada com 1% (massa verde) de cal virgem ou calcário, constituindo três tratamentos. A dinâmica fermentativa foi analisada com base nas perdas gasosas, nos ácidos orgânicos, na produção de etanol e na composição química das silagens. As menores perdas gasosas foram observadas nas silagens com cal virgem ou calcário. As silagens tratadas com esses aditivos apresentaram maior teor de carboidratos solúveis residuais e de ácidos acético e butírico, além de reduzida fermentação alcoólica. As silagens com os aditivos químicos apresentaram, no momento da abertura, maior teor de cinzas e menor concentração de componentes fibrosos. O teor de proteína observado nas silagens está de acordo com a amplitude preconizada para a forragem in natura. A adição de cal virgem ou calcário no momento da ensilagem melhorou o padrão fermentativo das silagens, promovendo redução das perdas gasosas, inibição da fermentação alcoólica e maior quantidade de carboidratos solúveis remanescentes. constituing three treatments. The fermentative dynamic was analyzed based on gas losses, organic acids and ethanol production and, silages chemical composition. The calcium oxide and limestone treatments showed the lowest values of gas losses. Silages treated with these two additives also showed higher concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates, acetic and butyric acids, and low alcoholic fermentation. The treatments containing chemical additives presented the highest ash and the lowest fiber concentration. Crude protein for all treatments was in agreement with the values of fresh sugarcane. Calcium oxide or limestone addition at ensiling resulted in a better fermentative pattern, promoting reduction in gas losses, alcoholic fermentation inhibition, and high amounts of residual soluble carbohydrates.Key Words: calcium oxide, ethanol, gas losses, limestone, organic acids IntroduçãoA ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar tem sido um tema amplamente estudado nos últimos anos com a finalidade de reduzir a fermentação alcoólica e a perda no valor nutritivo durante o processo fermentativo, uma vez que a elevada concentração de carboidratos solúveis e a presença de leveduras epifíticas são os principais agravantes na conservação desta forrageira. Segundo Rooke & Hatfield (2003), a rota metabólica predominante das leveduras é a piruvato descarboxilase acetaldeído e a redução do acetaldeído a etanol. De acordo com McDonald et al. (1991), a produção deste álcool representa perda de aproximadamente 49% de matéria seca e 0,2% de energia. Apesar de potencialmente aproveitável como substrato energético para ruminantes, por meio da conversão a acetato no rúmen R. Bras.

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“…Silage, TMR, and orts were sampled weekly (n = 12) and dried in an air-forced oven at 55 °C for 72 h. Aliquots of silages were also used to determine the particle size (Lammers et al, 1996) and prepare aqueous extracts (Kung Jr. et al, 1984).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the nutritive value of sugarcane silage for finishing beef bulls

et al. 2014

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-Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and the fibrolytic enzymes β-glucanase and xylanase were applied to chopped sugarcane to study their effects on the nutritive value of silage. Sugarcane was mechanically harvested after 14 mo of growth and treated without (control) or with L. buchneri at a theoretical application rate of 5 × 10 4 cfu/g, 1 × 10 5 cfu/g, or 1 × 10 5 cfu/g plus enzymes. Forage was packed into farm-scale bag silos (40 t/silo) and stored for 92 d. Fifty-six bulls (32 Nellore and 24 Charolais × Nellore) were housed in 20 collective pens and fed diets comprising (dry matter [DM] basis) 458 g/kg sugarcane silage and 542 g/kg concentrates for an 84-d period. Treated silages had higher concentrations of acetic acid and lower concentrations of ethanol. Total mixed rations (TMR) containing inoculated silages exhibited significantly lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration and, consequently, higher in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD). Thus, animals fed TMR containing treated silages spent less time chewing per day and per kilogram of DM intake (DMI), even at higher DMI levels. Nonetheless, the intake of NDF was similar across treatments (0.77 to 0.79 kg/100 kg BW) but markedly lower than the value reported for traditional forages. Average daily gain was significantly greater for animals fed TMR based on inoculated silages due to the higher DMI (14% on average) and the higher energy content of the diets, as indicated by the higher feed efficiency (12% on average). The dose of inoculants used and the addition of fibrolytic enzymes had no significant effects on silage parameters or animal performance. Therefore, inoculation of L. buchneri during sugarcane ensilage can alter the fermentation pattern by increasing acetic acid yield, reducing silage nutrient losses, and improving feed efficiency by bulls.

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A Simple Method for the Analysis of Particle Sizes of Forage and Total Mixed Rations

Cited by 467 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of feeding method on intake and behaviour of individually reared beef heifers fed a concentrate diet from 115 to 185 kg of body weight

Effect of feeding method on intake and behaviour of individually reared beef heifers fed a concentrate diet from 115 to 185 kg of body weight

Cana-de-açúcar ensilada com ou sem aditivos químicos: fermentação e composição química

Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the nutritive value of sugarcane silage for finishing beef bulls

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