The temperature is one of the important structural design parameters in the construction control of bridges. The structural stress and deformation are significantly influenced by the temperature. As a complex random variable, the temperature parameter has a close relationship with the structural location, orientation, materials, and the natural conditions, as well as the time variable, and is very difficult to be determined in the construction. In this study, in order to compute the temperature stress from the bridge structures effectively and accurately, the factors affecting the temperature stress are analyzed. The calculation method of the temperature field of the concrete structures is investigated. According to the basic assumption, the calculation formulas of the temperature self-restrained stress and the temperature inferior stress are thoroughly analyzed, and the corresponding calculation formulas are proposed, respectively. Furthermore, based on the proposed calculation models, adopting the fine element numerical simulation method, the influence of the temperature on the bridge structure stress is analyzed and investigated. The research results provide an import theoretical and experimental basis for the construction control of bridges.