“…These results suggest that VB-1 actively participates in and enhances proton conduction within the membrane by promoting water uptake through doping, thereby facilitating additional pathways for proton transfer via binding with a greater number of absorbed water molecules to Nafion's –SO 3 H groups. 47 Moreover, it is proposed that EtNH 3 + or 1,3-diapH 2 2+ guests in VB-1 are more favorable for improving proton behaviors of composite membranes due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between basic –NH 2 or NH 3 and acidic –SO 3 H groups present in Nafion. These hydrogen bonds facilitate improved compatibility between Nafion and VB-1 , thereby establishing uninterrupted pathways for efficient proton transfer.…”