A Simple, Reusable and Low-Cost LVDT-Based in Situ Bolt Preload Monitoring System during Fastening for a Truck Wheel Assembly

Jang, Shin Hyun; Nam, Juhyun; Lee, Samgon; Oh, Je Hoon

doi:10.3390/met9030336

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…From Eqs. ( 8) and (10), the maximum stroke ranges l pp and l dem are ±20. Therefore, the maximum stroke range l max of the LVDT for this study can be determined from Eq.…”

Section: Principle Of Lvdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) The applications of the LVDT include the measurement of the position, force, flow, displacement, and pressure in industrial process control, building construction, automobiles, military equipment, scientific and medical equipment, and robotics. (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) The LVDT has a transformer-like structure, comprising a primary winding and two secondary windings connected in opposite directions. The core of the LVDT is a ferromagnetic element that can be moved in the axial direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic

Petchmaneelumka¹,

Songsuwankit²,

Rerkratn³

et al. 2023

Sensors and Materials

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An analog circuit technique to realize an inverse transfer characteristic of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is presented in this paper. Practically, the structure of the LVDT causes a narrow linear operating range compared with its full stroke range. However, a large linear operating range requires a huge structure for the LVDT, making it unsuitable for a small or compact measurement system. The proposed technique can be used in a commercial LVDT to extend the linear operating range to its full stroke range. The technique utilizes an inherent behavior of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) to emulate the LVDT transfer characteristic. The LVDT transfer characteristic generated by the OTA is used as a feedback path of the inverting amplifier formed by an operational amplifier (opamp) to realize the inverse transfer characteristic. The residual error due to the OTA behavior is very small and can be neglected without adversely affecting the performance of the proposed technique. All devices used in the proposed scheme are commercially available. The attractive features of the proposed technique are its simple configuration, small size, low cost, and high accuracy. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by its experimental implementation. Measurement results demonstrate that the linear operating range of the commercial LVDT used in this study can be extended by a factor of more than 2.4, and a fullscale percentage error of about 0.068% was obtained.

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“…From Eqs. ( 8) and (10), the maximum stroke ranges l pp and l dem are ±20. Therefore, the maximum stroke range l max of the LVDT for this study can be determined from Eq.…”

Section: Principle Of Lvdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic

Petchmaneelumka¹,

Songsuwankit²,

Rerkratn³

et al. 2023

Sensors and Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As the engine thrust-to-weight ratio increases generation by generation while meeting its high-reliability requirements, it becomes more and more critical to improving the stability of the bolted connection structure [5][6]. The magnitude and distribution characteristics of the residual preload force after bolt preload are important indicators of the robustness of the connection structure, which is directly related to the engine assembly performance and operational reliability, and the tightening process, such as bolt tightening sequence and tightening speed has an important impact on the residual preload force of the bolt [7][8][9]. Therefore, considering the tightening process and controlling the preload force need to be more strict to ensure that the bolt connection structure obtains sufficient residual preload force [10].…”

Section: Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of SLAM in bolt tightening monitoring process based on intelligent data algorithm analysis

Wang,

Deng,

Wang

et al. 2023

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

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In this paper, firstly, according to the requirements of static monitoring of bolt tightening quality, the bolt tightening process can be divided into four stages: snug, elastic deformation, yielding and plastic deformation, and the SLAM technology is applied to bolt monitoring modeling and building engineering modeling. Next, the pre-tightening force for the bolt is measured using the waveform expansion method, and the bolt tightening index can be determined. Then, all the collected bolt data are randomly combined into two categories of loosening and tightening to form a training data set, and the improved intelligent data algorithm is used to train and predict them. The results show a linear correlation between tightening degree x |τ ɛ| and preload force change ΔF under 0.31kN and 0.22kN loading gradients, and the linear correlation coefficient of the fitted curve is greater than 0.9215. The results of the data analysis verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

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“…Many applications of the LVDT are included in the fields of engineering, industry, military, robotics, agriculture, and scientific and medical equipment. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) The LVDT structure consists of a primary winding, two secondary windings, and a moving core. The operation of the LVDT is the same as that of a conventional transformer, where two secondary windings are series-opposite-connected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Variable Differential Transformer Signal Conditioning Circuit Based on Phase-Locked Loop

Songsuwankit,

Petchmaneelumka,

Riewruja

et al. 2024

Sensors and Materials

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel technique for extracting the position signal from an inductive displacement transducer named a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). In general, the movement of the LVDT core causes its primary inductance change in linear form. The primary winding of the LVDT is used as a time-dependent element for the triangular and square wave generator, which can be called self-oscillation, to generate frequency. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it can measure the displacement using the LVDT without an external oscillator. The change in primary inductance causes the frequency deviation generated by the oscillator. The deviated frequency is captured and converted into a voltage signal using the principle of the phase-locked loop. All the components used in this study are commercially available. The merits of this proposed technique are simple configuration, small size, and low cost. Moreover, the operating range of the LVDT can be extended without the limitation of the nonlinear transfer characteristic. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by experimental implementation. Experimental results show that the maximum error from the proposed technique is about 0.42% and the operating range of the LVDT can be extended to more than 200%. It can be seen that the proposed technique is suitable for embedded measurement in small or micro robots.

show abstract

A Simple, Reusable and Low-Cost LVDT-Based in Situ Bolt Preload Monitoring System during Fastening for a Truck Wheel Assembly

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic

Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic

Application of SLAM in bolt tightening monitoring process based on intelligent data algorithm analysis

Linear Variable Differential Transformer Signal Conditioning Circuit Based on Phase-Locked Loop

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