A simple sandwich-cryogen-jet procedure with high cooling rates for cryofixation of biological materials in the native state

Cryogenic‐temperature electron microscopy direct imaging of carbon nanotubes and graphene solutions in superacids

“…Cryo‐SEM can image bulk material, hundreds of micrometres in thickness. A number of techniques are used to vitrify specimens for cryo‐SEM (Moor & Riehle, ; Moor et al ., ; Knoll et al ., ; Hisada et al ., ). However, these methodologies do not control the sample environment during cryo‐specimen preparation, prior to thermal fixation.…”

Cryo‐SEM specimen preparation under controlled temperature and concentration conditions

“…A number of techniques have been developed and used to vitrify specimens. These include, for example, cryo‐jet spray fracturing (Knoll et al, 1982), cold block cryo‐fixation (Hisada et al , 2001) and high‐pressure freeze fracturing which was first conceived and later developed by Moor & Riehle (1968); Moor (1987) and is widely used today (Walther, 2003; Osumi et al , 2006; Taribagil et al , 2010). However, none of those techniques offer controlled conditions before or during specimen preparation until thermal fixation.…”

A survey of ultra‐rapid cryofixation methods with particular emphasis on applications to freeze‐fracturing, freeze‐etching, and freeze‐substitution

“…1985) Microvilli: Intestine, goldfish (Shibata et al, 1983b) Spermatozoa Crab, mouse (Reger et al, 1984(Reger et al, ,1985 Outer segments: Retina, frog (Usukura and Yamada, 1981) Astrocytes, mouse (Landis and Reese, 1981) Cerebral cortex (Landis and Reese, 1975) Liver: Mouse (Dempsey and Bullivant, 1976b) High pressure-freezing Actomyosin: Physarum (Wolff et al, 1981) Eggs: Drosophila Epiphyseal cartilage: Rat (Hunziker and Cerebral tissue: Rat (Moor et al, 1980) Schenk, 1984bHunziker et al, 1984) Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Rabbit (Knoll et al, 1982;Post et al, 1985a, b) DeepEtching4 Spray freezing Slam-freezing Low-density lipoprotein: Serum, human formations (Bearer et al, 1982) (Aggerbeck and Gulik-Krzywicki, 1982) Lipids: Lipid vesicles and various lipid con4Some of the samples listed under deep-etching were freezedried under circumstances similar to those under which etching was carried out. Also, and this is especially the case for cytoskeletal structures, in several instances the specimens were chemically fixed and detergent extracted prior to cryofixation.…”

“…Alternatively, i.e., for jet-freezing, a liquid cryogen, usually propane, is propelled toward the sample (Bridgman and Reese, 1984;Elsgae-ter et al, 1986;Elsgaeter, 1981a,b, 1984;Gilkey and Staehelin, 1986;Hippe, 1984;Knoll et al, 1982;Muller et al, 1980b;Plattner and Knoll, 1984;Pscheid et al, 1980;. Petzold and Schmitt (1984) used a jet of clear nitrogen, but only for samples that were chemically fixed and cryoprotected.…”

“…a Spray, plunge, and jet-freezing The samples are propelled into a liquid cryogen, as is the case with spray- (Bachmann and Schmitt, 1971;Bachmann and Schmitt-Fumian, 1973a,b;Guiot et al, 1980;Lang and Bronck, 1978;Van Venetie et al, 1980;Van Venrooy et al, 1975;Ververgaert et al, 1973) and plunge-freezing (Adrian et al, 1984;Brisson and Unwin, 1985;Costello, 1980;Costello et al, 1982aCostello et al, , 1984aDubochet et al, 1982Dubochet et al, , 1985Dunant et al, 1984aDunant et al, , b, 1985Elder et al, 1982;Escaig, 1982b;Handley et al, 1981;Heide and Zeitler, 1985;Inoue et al, 1982;Lancelle et al, 1986;Magid et al, 1984;Purse, 1984, 1985;Saetersdal et al, 1977;Severs and Green, 1983a;Sitte, 1977Sitte, , 1984Steinbrecht, 1980Steinbrecht, , 1982Steinbrecht, , 1985Volker et al, 1984). Alternatively, i.e., for jet-freezing, a liquid cryogen, usually propane, is propelled toward the sample (Bridgman and Reese, 1984;Elsgae-ter et al, 1986;Elsgaeter, 1981a,b, 1984;Gilkey and Staehelin, 1986;Hippe, 1984;Knoll et al, 1982;…”