“…Some numerical approaches are developed to estimate or evaluate the damage in composite bolted joints structure. 2,3 Moreover, conventional nondestructive techniques (NDT), such as acoustic emission, the electric resistance change method, and X-ray have been developed to detect the damage of composite bolted joints. [4][5][6] However, various nondestructive methods need to remove bolted joints from composite structures or take a long time to complete damage detection.…”