A Simulation Study on Optically Decoding Reflecting Windows for PMT Quadrant Sharing Scintillation Detector Block

Li, Hongdi; Wong, Wai-Hoi; Kim, Soonseok; Liu, Shitao; Ramirez, Rocio; Xie, Shuping; Wang, Yu; Xing, Tao; Uribe, J.; Baghaei, H.; Zhang, Yuxuan; Liu, Jiguo

doi:10.1109/tns.2006.878007

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In a light-sharing-based detector module, the slotted light guide is essential for achieving a good discrete crystal decoding performance [2,6,21]. A well-designed light guide with optimized slot depths can efficiently alter the photon distributions among the four PMTs and minimize the overlap between discrete crystal spots in the flood map.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They require considerable time and/or computation power to tracking the scintillation photons [6–8]. GATE simulation with optical process enabled is about three orders of magnitude slower than that without optical process [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many groups have simulated the light-sharing-based detector modules to assess their decoding performances using DETECT, GEANT4 and ZEMAX programs [1,10–14]. Li and Wong has presented a mathematic model based on binomial distribution to simulate the flood map and decoding error of the Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) detectors [6,15]. Those mathematic-model-based simulations are generally less accurate but much faster than Monte Carlo simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

Han

et al. 2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Optical simulation of the detector module level is highly desired for Position Emission Tomography (PET) system design. Commonly used simulation toolkits such as GATE are not efficient in the optical simulation of detector modules with complicated light-sharing configurations, where a vast amount of photons need to be tracked. We present a fast approach based on a simplified specular reflectance model and a structured light-tracking algorithm to speed up the photon tracking in detector modules constructed with polished finish and specular reflector materials. We simulated conventional block detector designs with different slotted light guide patterns using the new approach and compared the outcomes with those from GATE simulations. While the two approaches generated comparable flood maps, the new approach was more than 200–600 times faster. The new approach has also been validated by constructing a prototype detector and comparing the simulated flood map with the experimental flood map. The experimental flood map has nearly uniformly distributed spots similar to those in the simulated flood map. In conclusion, the new approach provides a fast and reliable simulation tool for assisting in the development of light-sharing-based detector modules with a polished surface finish and using specular reflector materials.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

Han

et al. 2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…With a simulation tool [5] based on LabVIEW (National Instruments), we could estimate the reflector patterns by statistics method. But the detail information of light transfer process, which decided the decoding of crystals, is still not clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost high-resolution 3rd generation PMT-quadrant- sharing (PQS) BGO block detectors for human and animal PET

Liu

Kim

et al. 2007

2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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The objectives of this work were to investigate the light transport process of Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) detector block. The light transport process decides the signal shape and affects detector decoding and timing of detector blocks. We used DETECT2000, a Monte Carlo simulation program of the optical transport process, to study a 52mm 13x13 crystal array size detector block. The crystal was 3.92x3.92x20mm 3 size LSO crystal. Crystals was set to GROUND type surface and 1.8 refraction index. The reflector masks between crystals were set to 0.08mm thickness, POLISH type surface and 97% reflection rate. The block was coupled to four 51mm diameter PMT by PQS design. PMT window and optical grease refraction indexes were set to 1.5 and surfaces were set to transparent POLISH type. The PMT photocathode size was set to 47mm diameter. Both the position and time distribution of the optical photons were got from the simulation. The optical photons were localized on photomultiplier (PMT) photocathode. In the position distribution of detected photons, the half maximum counts region were 17mm 2 on block corner and 362mm 2 on block center; the tenth maximum counts region were 64mm 2 on block corner and 1485mm 2 on the center. The region size changed according to reflectors on crystal side. The time spectrum of optical photons showed the rising time were 0.09~0.16ns. The 95% light collection time were 1.14~1.96ns.

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“…Light collection efficiency is smaller for the central crystals in a block detector due to the unique geometry of the PQS design, so one should consider maximizing the light collection efficiency from the central crystals to improve the detector performance and uniformity. Mirror-film patterns were initially obtained using a simulator [7] which has been recently developed in our group for the development of PQS block detectors and were optimized after several attempts. A typical example of mirror-film patterns for the 11×11 array is shown in Fig.…”

Section: B Detector Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Resolution GSO Block Detectors Using PMT-Quadrant-Sharing Design for Human Whole Body and Breast/Brain PET Applications

Kim

Wong

et al.

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2005

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High resolution GSO block detectors have been developed using the PMT-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) design for human whole body and breast/brain PET applications.Segmented GSO (Ce 0.5 mol%) crystals of 3.02 mm ×3.02 mm ×20 mm (13×13 array) and 3.58 mm × 3.58 mm × 20 mm (11×11) were assembled together to build two prototype detectors for whole body PET imaging with 39 mm round PMTs and crystals of 2.04 mm × 2.04 mm × 20 mm (9×9) for breast/brain PET imaging with 19 mm round PMTs. The Enhanced Specular Reflector (3M Co.) mirror-film windows with reflectance 98% and thickness 0.065mm were used to control light collection and distribution. Crystal pitches are 3.1 (13×13), 3.64 (11×11), and 2.12 mm (9×9) and crystal-packing fractions 95, 97, and 93 %, respectively. List-mode measurements with Cs-137 sources were carried out to investigate crystal decoding and were analyzed to extract individual crystal spectra. All the crystals in the detectors were identified. Energy resolution for individual crystals ranges from 13.7 to 18.5% (13×13), 12.2 to 14.2% (11×11), and 20.9 to 28.9 % (9×9), with overall energy resolutions of 15.6, 13.2, and 24.3%, respectively. Light collection efficiencies for the central crystals are 60 (13×13), 66 (11×11), and 72% (9×9), compared to the corner crystals. The maximum decodable crystals/PMT ratios at 511 keV are high 121-169 for the 39 mm PQS GSO detector design and 81 for the 19 mm PQS GSO detector design with crystals 20 mm deep. It is anticipated that these PQS GSO detectors will provide high resolution and sensitivity at low cost.

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A Simulation Study on Optically Decoding Reflecting Windows for PMT Quadrant Sharing Scintillation Detector Block

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

A fast method for optical simulation of flood maps of light-sharing detector modules

Low-cost high-resolution 3rd generation PMT-quadrant- sharing (PQS) BGO block detectors for human and animal PET

High Resolution GSO Block Detectors Using PMT-Quadrant-Sharing Design for Human Whole Body and Breast/Brain PET Applications

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