“…In addition, it has strong language contact and lateral transfers with the surrounding Sinitic, Hmong‐Mien, and Tai‐Kadai (Lu et al, 2019; Man et al, 2019; Yu et al, 2019), these phenomena are referred to as language borrowing, which was widely existed and evidenced among Tujia language and the surrounding Sinitic or Hmong‐Mien (Zhang et al, 2019). Larger numbers of genetic, archaeological and linguistic studies (Jeong et al, 2018; Kutanan et al, 2018; Juhasz et al, 2019; Liu et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2019) have further illustrated that a significant statistical association between genetic structure and human cultural shift (e.g., language, agriculture, dietary, and so on) is caused by demic diffusion, not by simple cultural diffusion. Thus, we assumed that these extensive lexical borrowings in Tujia might have resulted from population migration, interaction, and subsequent genetic admixture with the surrounding or incoming populations, and may further influence the formation of the genetic structure of Tujia.…”