A single session of emotional stress produces anxiety in Wistar rats

Gutiérrez-García, Ana G.; Contreras, Carlos M.; Mendoza-López, Ma. Remedios; Cruz-Sánchez, Samuel; García-Barradas, Óscar; Rodríguez‐Landa, Juan Francisco; Bernal-Morales, Blandina

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.08.011

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…For example, rats that observed a partner rat as it received inescapable foot shock displayed increased defensive burying, a behavior associated with anxiety (Guttiérrez-García et al, 2006). Similarly in mice, repeated social defeat increased anxiety-like behavior in the light/dark preference test, with defeated mice spending more time in the light area of the apparatus, but had no effects on depressive-like behavior in the Porsolt forced swim test (Keeney and Hogg, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice

Kinsey

Bailey

Sheridan

et al. 2007

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

167

133

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The experimental model, social disruption (SDR), is a model of social stress in which mice are repeatedly attacked and defeated in their home cage by an aggressive conspecific. In terms of the impact of this stressor on the immune response, SDR has been reported to cause hyperinflammation and glucocorticoid insensitivity. To this point however, the behavioral consequences of SDR have not been thoroughly characterized. Because social defeat has been reported to cause anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors, the current study was designed to assess whether SDR also causes anxietyand depressive-like behaviors. Using the light/dark preference test and the open field test as tools to measure behaviors characteristic of anxiety, the data showed that C57BL/6 and CD-1 male mice subjected to SDR displayed increased anxiety-like behavior. The increase in anxiety-like behaviors persisted for at least one week after the cessation of the stressor. In contrast, depressive-like behaviors were not elicited by SDR as assessed by the forced swim test or the tail suspension test. These data indicate that social disruption stress causes an increase in anxiety-like behaviors, but not depressivelike behaviors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice

Kinsey

Bailey

Sheridan

et al. 2007

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

167

133

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“…Data from first order interval histograms analysis was first normalized and then subjected to statistical analysis using two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA). First considered factor was group (control and 2-heptanone groups) and an arbitrarily fixed range of intervals (10,20,30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 ms) as a second factor. For analysis of peristimulus data we used two-way ANOVA with factors group (control and 2-heptanone groups) and recording period (50ms before and 50ms after electrical stimulation).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 This substance is delivered by urine, and its concentration increases in animals physically stressed and a single exposure to 2-heptanone causes signs of anxiety in conspecifics in the short term and despair in the long-term. 20,21 Some odors can elicit unconditioned and conditioned fear behavior, 22,23 depending on context. But any response involving fear must affect the neuronal activity of amygdaline and hippocampal structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alarm pheromone increases the responsivity of amygdaline-hippocampal Neurons - Una feromona de alarma incrementa la responsividad de neuronas amigdalino-hipocampales

2013

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SUMMARYThe capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid complex and hippocampus. In the Wistar rat, 2-heptanone produces anxiety-like behavior and an increased firing rate of basal amygdaline neurons. However, it is unknown whether 2-heptanone modifies the responsivity of medial amygdalinehippocampal connection. Therefore, we placed a group (n=10) of Wistar rats in a plexiglass cage impregnated with 2-heptanone. Rats from control group (n=10) were introduced into a similar clean cage. Twenty four hours later we obtained single-unit extracellular recordings from the hippocampus (CA1-CA3) neurons identified by their connection to medial amygdala. Although the basal neuronal firing rate was similar between groups, first order interval distribution histogram analysis showed that 2-heptanone produced shorter intervals of firing rate. Peristimulus histograms indicated that: i) the amygdaline stimulation produces an increased firing rate in hippocampal neurons; and ii) this response is increased and enlarged on the 2-heptanone group. Since a single exposure to an alarm pheromone seems to facilitate the amygdala-hippocampal connection, results suggest the initial formation of contextual memories related with fear.Key words: 2-heptanone, medial amygdala, hippocampus, alarm pheromone, anxiety, emotional memory. RESUMENLa percepción olfatoria de feromonas de alarma, como la 2-heptanona, promueve ciertas estrategias de supervivencia con la participación de la memoria emocional, integrada en estructuras del lóbulo temporal, como la amígdala y el hipocampo. En la rata Wistar, la olfacción de 2-heptanona genera conductas sugerentes de ansiedad y un incremento de la tasa de disparo neuronal del núcleo basal de la amígdala. Sin embargo, no se conoce si la 2-heptanona modifica la responsividad de la conexión amígdala medial-hipocampo. Un grupo de ratas Wistar (n=10) fue colocado dentro de una caja de acrílico impregnada con 2-heptanona; el grupo control (n=10) fue introducido en una caja limpia. Veinticuatro horas después se obtuvo el registro unitario extracelular de neuronas del hipocampo (CA1-CA3) identificadas por su conexión con la amígdala medial. Aunque la tasa de disparo basal fue similar entre los grupos experimentales, el histograma de distribución de intervalos de primer orden indicó un predominio de intervalos de breve duración en el grupo 2-heptanona. Los histogramas periestímulo indicaron que: i) las neuronas hipocampales responden con un incremento en la tasa de disparo neuronal ante la estimulación amigdalina; ii) la respuesta es de mayor magnitud y duración en el grupo previamente expuesto a 2-heptanona. Dado que una sola exposición a una feromona de alarma facilita la conexión amígdala medial-hipocampo, los resultados sugieren la formación inicial de una memoria context...

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“…Among alarm pheromones, 2-heptanone is a ketone that is delivered in several fluids by mammals, including humans [11]. Its abundance increases in the urine of physically stressed rats and produces anxiety-like behavior in a receptor rat [12]. Repeated 2-heptanone exposure causes the development of behavioral despair [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to an Alarm Pheromone Combined with Footshock Stress Enhances Responsivity of the Medial Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuit

Contreras¹

2014

AJPN

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Alarm substances are released under stressful situations and may constitute signals that prevent other members of the group from encountering dangerous situations by producing fear. 2-Heptanone is an alarm pheromone that increases the neuronal firing rate in temporal lobe structures that are related to fear in the rat, such as the basal amygdala. A single stress session of unavoidable electric footshock or 2-heptanone sniffing increases the responsivity of the medial amygdala-hippocampus circuit, but unknown is the timing of action of simultaneous exposure to both stressors on the firing rate and responsivity of CA1-CA3 neurons identified by their connections with the medial amygdala nucleus. Twenty-four or 48 h after a single stress session, we obtained single-unit extracellular recordings. The firing rate was higher in the 48 h group. The peristimulus histogram showed an increase in the responsivity of amygdala-hippocampus neurons, which was more pronounced 48 h after a single stress session. The present results suggest an increase in the sensitivity of this circuit after a single stress session, seemingly representing a first step in the formation of emotional memories related to a conditioned response to fear.

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A single session of emotional stress produces anxiety in Wistar rats

Cited by 39 publications

References 46 publications

Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice

Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice

An alarm pheromone increases the responsivity of amygdaline-hippocampal Neurons - Una feromona de alarma incrementa la responsividad de neuronas amigdalino-hipocampales

Exposure to an Alarm Pheromone Combined with Footshock Stress Enhances Responsivity of the Medial Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuit

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