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IntroductionThe ABO 3 perovskite structure is adopted by complex metal oxide phases with a very wide variety of chemical compositions. Indeed it is possible to incorporate all the transition metals within perovskite frameworks, many of them in a number of different oxidations states. The ubiquity and chemical diversity of perovskite oxide phases primarily arises from the intrinsic thermodynamic stability imparted by the close packed nature of the structure (the framework can be thought of as being derived from a cubic close packed lattice). However, unlike many other structure types derived from close-packed arrangements, the perovskite structure can form thermodynamically stable phases incorporating combinations of A-and B-cations with a large range of radius ratios, due to the mechanical flexibility imparted into perovskite frameworks by the facile collective rotations of the constituent, apex-linked, BO 6 octahedra.In addition to imbuing the perovskite framework with mechanical flexibility, the tilting and twisting distortions of perovskite oxide phases can have a large influence on their physical properties. This can be seen most directly by observing that these facile collective distortions typically lead to changes (tightening) of the B-O-B bond angles between linked BO 6 octahedra, while leaving the internal coordinates of the BO 6 units largely unchanged. As a result the distor-