A Slow Ramble in the Acid-Fast Lane

Wayne, Lawrence G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4020-1_14

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 98 publications

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“…The application of polyphasic taxonomy has led to profound changes in bacterial systematics, especially with respect to industrially significant groups, such as the actinomycetes, for which traditional taxonomies based on form and function made it impossible to select a balanced set of strains for industrial screens (172a, 175). The reclassification of several actinomycete taxa, notably the genera Microtetraspora (508), Mycobacterium (472), Nocardia (175), Rhodococcus (172a), and Streptomyces (262), and the delineation of new actinomycete genera, such as Beutenbergia (191), Ornithinicoccus (190), Tessaracoccus (312), and Williamsia (246), are all products of the polyphasic approach. Similarly, a host of new actinomycete species, for instance, Amycolatopsis thermoflava (74), Gordonia desulphuricans (264), Nocardioides nitrophenolicus (506), and Streptomyces thermocoprophilus (262), have been described using a combination of genotypic and phenotypic data.…”

Section: Selective Isolation and Characterization Of Novel Microorganmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search and Discovery Strategies for Biotechnology: the Paradigm Shift

Bull

Ward

Goodfellow

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

418

250

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SUMMARY Profound changes are occurring in the strategies that biotechnology-based industries are deploying in the search for exploitable biology and to discover new products and develop new or improved processes. The advances that have been made in the past decade in areas such as combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic pathway engineering, gene shuffling, and directed evolution of proteins have caused some companies to consider withdrawing from natural product screening. In this review we examine the paradigm shift from traditional biology to bioinformatics that is revolutionizing exploitable biology. We conclude that the reinvigorated means of detecting novel organisms, novel chemical structures, and novel biocatalytic activities will ensure that natural products will continue to be a primary resource for biotechnology. The paradigm shift has been driven by a convergence of complementary technologies, exemplified by DNA sequencing and amplification, genome sequencing and annotation, proteome analysis, and phenotypic inventorying, resulting in the establishment of huge databases that can be mined in order to generate useful knowledge such as the identity and characterization of organisms and the identity of biotechnology targets. Concurrently there have been major advances in understanding the extent of microbial diversity, how uncultured organisms might be grown, and how expression of the metabolic potential of microorganisms can be maximized. The integration of information from complementary databases presents a significant challenge. Such integration should facilitate answers to complex questions involving sequence, biochemical, physiological, taxonomic, and ecological information of the sort posed in exploitable biology. The paradigm shift which we discuss is not absolute in the sense that it will replace established microbiology; rather, it reinforces our view that innovative microbiology is essential for releasing the potential of microbial diversity for biotechnology penetration throughout industry. Various of these issues are considered with reference to deep-sea microbiology and biotechnology.

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Section: Selective Isolation and Characterization Of Novel Microorganmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search and Discovery Strategies for Biotechnology: the Paradigm Shift

Bull

Ward

Goodfellow

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

418

250

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Mycobacterium

Magee

Ward

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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My.co.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n. mukês a fungus; L. neut. n. bacterium , a small rod; N.L. neut. n. Mycobacterium a fungus rodlet. Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Mycobacteriaceae / Mycobacterium Aerobic to microaerophilic , slightly curved or straight rods (0.2–0.6 × 1.0–10 µm), which are acid–alcohol‐fast at some stage of growth . Most species are difficult to stain by Gram's method, but are usually considered Gram‐stain‐positive. Branching may sometimes occur and a filamentous or mycelium‐like growth may appear which, on slight disturbance, becomes fragmented into rods or coccoid elements. Cells are nonmotile and asporogenous ; conidia or capsules are not produced ; there are no grossly visible aerial hyphae . Colonies may be white‐ to cream‐colored ; some strains produce yellow‐ or orange‐pigmented colonies with or without light stimulation . Whole‐organism hydrolysates are rich in meso ‐diaminopimelic acid , arabinose , and galactose . The peptidoglycan is of the A1γ type . Muramic acid moieties are N ‐glycolated . Cells and cell walls are rich in lipids . These include waxes which have characteristic , chloroform‐soluble , mycolic acids with long ( 60–90 carbon atoms ) branched chains . The fatty acid esters released on pyrolysis MS of mycolic acid esters have 22–26 carbon atoms . Cells contain diphosphatidylglycerol , phosphatidylethanolamine , phosphatidylinositol , and phospatidylinositol mannosides as predominant polar lipids , straight‐chain saturated , unsaturated , and 10‐methyloctadecanoic ( tuberculostearic ) fatty acids as major fatty acid components , and dihydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenolog . The genus includes obligate parasites, saprophytes, and opportunistic forms. DNA G + C content ( mol %): 57–73 ( T m ; HPLC; whole‐genome sequencing). Type species : Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 363 AL .

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Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.

Goodfellow¹

2012

Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology

106

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A Slow Ramble in the Acid-Fast Lane

Cited by 3 publications

References 98 publications

Search and Discovery Strategies for Biotechnology: the Paradigm Shift

Search and Discovery Strategies for Biotechnology: the Paradigm Shift

Mycobacterium

Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.

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