A Smartphone Based Survey to Investigate the Cyber-Risk Perception on the Health-Care Professionals

Cybersecurity and the Digital-Health: The Challenge of This Millennium

“…The term Cybersecurity has recently been introduced to indicate the set of procedures and methodologies used to defend computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks and data from malicious attacks. Cybersecurity [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] is therefore applied to various contexts, from the economic one to that relating to mobile technologies and includes various actions: Network security : the procedures for using the network safely; Application Security : the procedures and solutions for using applications safely; Information security : the management of information in a secure way and in a privacy-sensitive manner in accordance with pre-established regulations; Operational security : the security in IT operations, such as, for example, in bank-type transactions; Disaster recovery and operational continuity : the procedures for restarting after problems that have affected the regular/routine operation of a system and to ensure operational continuity. For example, using informatic solutions such as an efficient disk mirroring and/or backup policy; End-user training : specific training for the actors involved in the use of the systems, which where necessary, must also include the citizen.…”

“…Cyber attacks in the industry and consumer sectors have been widely echoed in the past and recent cyber attacks in the healthcare sector are of concern. Recently, for example, at the center of the debate were the attacks on health systems and the potential vulnerabilities that have come to light for some types of critical medical device (mostly active implantable) that can be connected to the network [ 1 , 2 ]. In several nations, there has generally been a delay in addressing cybersecurity issues compared to other nations, for example, the US.…”

“…The wearable medical devices [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], and, in particular, the implantable ones, are part of a heterogeneous system (e.g., pacemakers, artificial pancreas). In a heterogeneous system, the wireless connection allows the components to communicate with each other, and creates an environment potentially susceptible to cyber attacks .…”

“…The Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) [ 2 , 3 ] is a medical device software (defined by the FDA as a Class II medical device) dedicated to the management of a diagnosis reached using the medical imaging. A PACS embeds several parts such as elaborators, workstations, digital-databases, digital data-stores, digital-applications .…”

“…As is well known, hospital companies today are strongly based on digital technologies. The cyber risk is rapidly increasing with [ 2 , 3 , 7 ]: The so-called dematerialization of administrative processes; The increased dependence on computerized biomedical and non-biomedical technologies (as described above); The large amount of data stored in the Hospital Information Systems (HIS). …”