A Solvent-Mediated Excited-State Intermolecular Proton Transfer Fluorescent Probe for Fe3+ Sensing and Cell Imaging

Abstract

Constructing excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (ESIPT-e) fluorophores represents significant challenges due to the harsh requirement of bearing a proton donor-acceptor (D-A) system and their matching proton donating-accepting ability in the same molecule. Herein, we synthesized a new-type ESIPT-e fluorophor (2-APC) using the “four-component one-pot” reaction. By the installing of a cyano-group on pyridine scaffold, the proton donating ability of -NH2 was greatly enhanced, enabling 2-APC to undergo ESIPT-e process. Surprisingly, 2-APC exhibited dual-emissions in protic solvents ethanol and normal fluorescence in aprotic solvents, which is vastly different from that of conventional ESIPT-a dyes. The ESIPT emission can be obviously suppressed by Fe3+ due to the coordination reaction of Fe3+ with the A-D system in 2-APC. From this basis, a highly sensitive and selective method was established using 2-APC as a fluorescent probe, which offers the sensitive detection of Fe3+ ranging from 0 to 13 μM with the detection limit of 7.5 nM. The recovery study of spiked Fe3+ measured by the probe showed satisfactory results (97.2103.4%) with the reasonable RSD ranging from 3.1 to 3.8%. Moreover, 2-APC can also exhibit aggregation-induced effect in poor solvent or solid-state, eliciting strong red fluorescence. 2-APC was also applied to cell-imaging, exhibiting good cell-permeability, biocompatibility and color rendering. This multi-mode emission of 2-APC is significant departure from that of conventional extended p-conjugated systems and ESIPT dyes based on a flat and rigid molecular design. The “one-pot synthesis” strategy for the construction of ESIPT molecules pioneered a new route to achieve tricolor-emissive fluorophores.

A benzimidazole-based ‘turn-on’ fluorescent probe for highly sensitive detection of Fe3+/2+: synthesis, performance, DFT calculations and applications

“…9 Therefore, fluorescent probes have attracted widespread attention as highly selective and low-cost metal ion detection tools. [10][11][12] Fluorescent probes that are currently used for detecting iron are based on the principle of fluorescence quenching luminescence, [13][14][15][16] as shown in Table 1. There are few studies on fluorescence-enhanced probes but all are for the detection of either Fe 3+ or Fe 2+ .…”

“…Fluorescent probes that are currently used for detecting iron are based on the principle of fluorescence quenching luminescence, 13–16 as shown in Table 1. There are few studies on fluorescence-enhanced probes but all are for the detection of either Fe 3+ or Fe 2+ .…”