A spectroscopic investigation of the formation mechanism of pigment gallstones

Wu, Jinguang; Zhou, Xiao-si; Xu, Zhenhua; Shen, Tao; Xu, Yan; Li, W.-H.; Xu, Duanfu; Soloway, Roger D.; Wentrup-Byrne, Edeline; Shi, Junfeng; Shen, Gary X.; Deng, Sunbin; Li, X.-F.; Si, Nan

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1997)3:5<381::aid-bspy5>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since the pathogenesis of gallstones is not clearly understood, its analysis-using chemical and spectroscopic techniques have provided some clues [24,25]. Our studies reported herein on children are of special significance as there are no such earlier reports on children in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A comparative study of gallstones from children and adults using FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy

et al. 2002

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BackgroundCholelithiasis is the gallstone disease (GSD) where stones are formed in the gallbladder. The main function of the gallbladder is to concentrate bile by the absorption of water and sodium. GSD has high prevalence among elderly adults. There are three major types of gallstones found in patients, White, Black and Brown. The major chemical component of white stones is cholesterol. Black and brown stones contain different proportions of cholesterol and bilirubin. The pathogenesis of gallstones is not clearly understood. Analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones using various spectroscopic techniques offers clues to the pathogenesis of gallstones. Recent years has seen an increasing trend in the number of cases involving children. The focus of this study is on the analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones from child and adult patients using spectroscopic methods.MethodsIn this report, we present FTIR spectroscopic studies and fluorescence microscopic analysis of gallstones obtained from 67 adult and 21 child patients. The gallstones were removed during surgical operations at Soroka University Medical Center.ResultsOur results show that black stones from adults and children are rich in bilirubin. Brown stones are composed of varying amounts of bilirubin and cholesterol. Green stones removed from an adult, which is rare, was found to be composed mainly of cholesterol. Our results also indicated that cholesterol and bilirubin could be the risk factors for gallstone formation in adults and children respectively. Fluorescence micrographs showed that the Ca-bilirubinate was present in all stones in different quantities and however, Cu-bilirubinate was present only in the mixed and black stones.ConclusionsAnalysis based on FTIR suggest that the composition of black and brown stones from both children and adults are similar. Various layers of the brown stone from adults differ by having varying quantities of cholesterol and calcium carbonate. Ring patterns observed mainly in the green stone using fluorescence microscopy have relevance to the mechanism of the stone formation. Our preliminary study suggests that bilirubin and cholesterol are the main risk factors of gallstone disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A comparative study of gallstones from children and adults using FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy

et al. 2002

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“…Concentric rings and fractal patterns are often found in cross-sections of gallstones. But despite some intensive studies, − their pattern formation mechanism is not clear. We have previously reported that the metal ion−deoxycholate(DC)-diffusion system is an ideal model to mimic pattern formation of gallstones in vitro, and we studied the system in glass test tubes and agar plates, where the reaction−diffusion process could be considered as being one- and two-dimensional, respectively. , These systems are also widely used in the studies of other periodic and fractal precipitation patterns. − However, the pattern formation in these 1- and 2-D systems cannot mimic the real process completely, because the gallstones are actually formed in vivo through a complex and prolonged diffusion and precipitation process in three dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentric rings and fractal patterns are often found in crosssections of gallstones. But despite some intensive studies, [1][2][3][4][5] their pattern formation mechanism is not clear. We have previously reported that the metal ion-deoxycholate(DC)diffusion system is an ideal model to mimic pattern formation of gallstones in vitro, and we studied the system in glass test tubes and agar plates, where the reaction-diffusion process could be considered as being one-and two-dimensional, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional Periodic and Fractal Precipitation in Metal Ion−Deoxycholate System: A Model for Gallstone Formation

Xie

et al. 1999

J. Phys. Chem. B

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It was recently suggested that the periodic and fractal precipitation of calcium salts and proteins in cholesterol gallstonesis closely related to the process of stone formation. The present study is to mimic the process of gallstone growth in vitro. We demonstrate for the first time that a three-dimensional structure of periodic rings (Liesegang ring) and/or fractal patterns can be produced by metal ion and deoxycholate precipitation, which are similar to gallstones. Precipitation in a periodic pattern occurs more often than in a fractal structure. Using X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscope, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), we studied the pattern formation mechanisms of both types of structures. The results indicate that the rate of nucleation in the crystal growth is a crucial element to affect the pattern formation. The pattern selection between periodic and fractal type depends on the crystal growth speed and the rate of nucleation.

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“…The concentrations of the minerals and elemental components that are likely to play a part in GS formation were quantified by SR‐XRF. Several other studies in literature similar to ours have provided some information on the chemical and spectroscopy techniques used by us, thereby providing some clues on the pathogenesis of GS . However, there are no studies from India addressing the role of SR‐μCT and SR‐XRF in mapping the distribution of the mineral and elemental components of GS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Morphological and elemental mapping of gallstones using synchrotron microtomography and synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

et al. 2019

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Background and Aim Regional differences in gallstone (GS) composition are well documented in the Indian subcontinent. The reasons for the same are unknown. Etiopathogenesis of GS remains elusive despite advances in instrumentation. This was an in‐depth analysis of the chemical, structural, and elemental composition of GS with special reference to synchroton studies. Methods We used high‐end sensitive analytical complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods techniques, such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR‐XRF), and 2D and 3D synchrotron microtomography (SR‐μCT), to study the ultra structure and trace element composition of three major types of GS (cholesterol, mixed, and pigment). SR‐XRF quantified the trace elements in GS. Results The cholesterol GS (monohydrate and anhydrate) were crystalline, with high calcium content. The pigment GS were amorphous, featureless, black, and fragile, with high calcium bilirubinate and carbonate salts. They had the highest concentration of iron (average 31.50 ppm) and copper (average 92.73 ppm), with bacterial inclusion. The mixed stones had features of both cholesterol and pigment GS with intermediate levels of copper (average 20.8 ppm) and iron (average 17.78 ppm). Conclusion SR‐μCT has, for the first time, provided cross‐sectional computed imaging delineating the framework of GS and mineral distribution. It provided excellent mapping of cholesterol GS. SR‐XRF confirmed that pigment GS had high concentrations of copper and iron with bacterial inclusions, the latter possibly serving as a nidus to the formation of these stones.

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A spectroscopic investigation of the formation mechanism of pigment gallstones

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

A comparative study of gallstones from children and adults using FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy

A comparative study of gallstones from children and adults using FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy

Three-dimensional Periodic and Fractal Precipitation in Metal Ion−Deoxycholate System: A Model for Gallstone Formation

Morphological and elemental mapping of gallstones using synchrotron microtomography and synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

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