A sprinkler fire suppression algorithm for the GSA engineering fire
                        assessment system

Madrzykowski, Daniel M.; Vettori, Robert L

doi:10.6028/nist.ir.4833

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For suppression, the sprinkler is modeled using a simple model [68] generalized for varying sprin kler spray densities [69]. It is then modeled by attenuating all fires in the room where the sensor…”

Section: Sprinkler Activation and Fire Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

Peacock¹,

Forney²,

Reneke³

2013

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DisclaimerThe U. S. Department of Commerce makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of CFAST and associated computer programs, and accepts no responsibility for its use. Users of CFAST assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application; for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use; and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools. CFAST is intended for use only by those competent in the field of fire safety and is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of a qualified user. The software package is a computer model which may or may not have predictive value when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances. Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions with regard to fire safety. All results should be evaluated by an informed user.iii iv Intent and UseThe algorithms, procedures, and computer programs described in this report constitute a method ology for predicting some of the consequences resulting from a prescribed fire. They have been compiled from the best knowledge and understanding currently available, but have important lim itations that must be understood and considered by the user. The program is intended for use by persons competent in the field of fire safety and with some familiarity with personal computers. It is intended as an aid in the fire safety decision-making process. v vi PrefaceCFAST is a two-zone fire model used to calculate the evolving distribution of smoke, fire gases and temperature throughout compartments of a constructed facility during a fire. In CFAST, each compartment is divided into two gas layers.The modeling equations used in CFAST take the mathematical form of an initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These equations are derived using the conservation of mass, the conservation of energy (equivalently the first law of thermodynamics), the ideal gas law and relations for density and internal energy. These equations predict as functions of time quantities such as pressure, layer height and temperatures given the accumulation of mass and enthalpy in the two layers. The CFAST model then consists of a set of ODEs to compute the environment in each compartment and a collection of algorithms to compute the mass and enthalpy source terms required by the ODEs.In general, this document provides the technical documentation for CFAST along with sig nificant information on validation of the model. It follows the ASTM E1355 guide for model assessment. The guide provides several areas of evaluation:• Model and scenarios definition: CFAST is designed primarily to predict the environment within compartmented structures which results from unwanted fires. These can range from very small containment vessels, on the order of 1 m 3 to large spaces on the order of 1000 m 3 . The appropriate size fire for a given application depends on the size of the compartment being modeled. A range of...

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Section: Sprinkler Activation and Fire Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A suppression algorithm [68] was incorporated into CFAST. Chow [154] evaluates the predictive capability for a sprinkler installed in an atrium roof.…”

Section: Sprinkler Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

Peacock¹,

Forney²,

Reneke³

2013

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“…How different active systems affect the fire development in a building with an occupancy it is designed for and with a general fire initiation can be found in the literature (Nystedt 2011, Madrzykowski and Vettori 1992, Evans 1993, Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning 2011b. However the effectiveness needs to be determined against the stated protection objectives and the anticipated fire hazard the system was designed for.…”

Section: All Active Systems Working (Aasw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection and evaluation of fire related scenarios in multifunctional buildings considering antagonistic attacks

Nilsson

Frantzich

Hees

2013

Fire Science Reviews

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Multifunctional buildings have become more common in the last years. At the same time the threat from antagonistic attacks has increased. This presents challenges for the fire safety systems in multifunctional buildings since continuity of functions, especially those considered to be of societal importance, need to be operational and at the same time antagonistic exposures may present more challenging fire scenarios. A method for selection and evaluation of fire related scenarios in multifunctional buildings, that also considers antagonistic attacks, has been developed. Based on literature review and interviews with stakeholders typical for a multifunctional building, specific problem areas that the developed method needed to take into account were identified. A first framework for development of fire scenarios, developed by the authors in previous work, was refined taking into account the identified problem areas resulting in the method described in this article. The method, still simple to use, provides guidance on how to determine assets needing protection, relevant protection objectives, exposures (both accidental and antagonistic), fire related scenarios and evaluation of scenarios. The method also takes into account the inherent probability of failure for active systems, security features, domino effects and damage to protection systems due to antagonistic attacks.

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“…For suppression, the sprinkler is modeled using a simple model [63] generalized for varying sprinkler spray densities [64]. Fire suppression in CFAST is then modeled by attenuating all fires in the room where the sensor activated by a term of the form e -(t-tact)/trate where t act is the time when the sensor activated and t rate is a constant determining how quickly the fire attenuates.…”

Section: Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification and validation of CFAST :

Jones¹,

Peacock²,

Forney³

et al. 2004

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CFAST is a zone model capable of predicting the environment in a multi-compartment structure subjected to a fire. It calculates the time evolving distribution of smoke and fire gases and the temperature throughout a building during a user-specified fire. This report describes the equations which constitute the model, the physical basis for these equations, data which are used by the model, and details of the operation of the computer program implementing the model. This paper is an assessment of the model following the template set forth in ASTM 1355, "Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models." We include in this paper a set of comparisons between the model and a range of real-scale fire experiments is presented as the validation exercise require by the standard. In addition, we have developed a means to do a quantitative comparison between the time series represented by these predictions and those found in experiments.

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A sprinkler fire suppression algorithm for the GSA engineering fire assessment system

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

Selection and evaluation of fire related scenarios in multifunctional buildings considering antagonistic attacks

Verification and validation of CFAST :

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