A Stages‐of‐information Approach to Hyperactivity

Sergeant, Joseph A.; Scholten, C. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00103.x

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Sergeant and Scholten (1983) applied a cognitive energetic theory of information processing and found that in ADHD children central processing stage was intact and that deficits are restricted to motor organization and output stages of information processing. Swanson et al (1991b) applied a cognitive anatomical theory of attention (Posner and Petersen, 1990), and found that in ADHD children, the posterior system for engaging attention was intact and that deficits were restricted to the anterior system of maintaining (disengaging and moving) attention.…”

Section: Cognitive Deficitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Swanson

Baler

Volkow

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

216

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of stimulant drugs for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread pharmacological interventions in child psychiatry and behavioral pediatrics. This treatment is well grounded on controlled studies showing efficacy of low oral doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine in reducing the behavioral symptoms of the disorder as reported by parents and teachers, both for the cognitive (inattention and impulsivity) and noncognitive (hyperactivity) domains. Our main aim is to review the objectively measured cognitive effects that accompany the subjectively assessed clinical responses to stimulant medications. Recently, methods from the cognitive neurosciences have been used to provide information about brain processes that underlie the cognitive deficits of ADHD and the cognitive effects of stimulant medications. We will review some key findings from the recent literature, and then offer interpretations of the progress that has been made over the past decade in understanding the cognitive effects of stimulant medication on individuals with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews (2011) 36, 207-226; doi:10.1038/npp.2010; published online 29 September 2010Keywords: methylphenidate; amphetamine; dopamine; prefrontal cortex; executive function; cognitive enhancement INTRODUCTIONCognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied intensively and are well documented in the literature. Stimulant drugs (methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP)) are particularly effective for the clinical treatment of ADHD, and accordingly, pediatricians and psychiatrists have been prescribing them for over seven decades (Bradley, 1937). Clear reductions in symptoms justify treatment with stimulant medications (MTA, 1999b), but the cognitive effects are less clear. Here, we will review the current understanding of some underlying neural processes that may account for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and impulsivity, and we will review evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies about how stimulant medications may affect these processes. To focus our review, we will not revisit related topics that are addressed elsewhere: the medical use of non-stimulant drugs to treat ADHD (Dopheide and Pliszka, 2009;Waxmonsky, 2005), the non-medical use of stimulants and non-stimulants for cognitive enhancement (Sahakian and Morein-Zamir, 2007;Stix, 2009), and nonmedical alternative treatments based on neurofeedback (Gevensleben et al, 2009) and working memory training (Klingberg et al, 2005) that have recently been evaluated and have gained some support in randomized clinical trials.In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, Version IV (APA, 1994(APA, , 2000, the cognitive symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two domains: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Currently, nine are specified for inattention (poor attending to details, sustaining attention, lis...

show abstract

Section: Cognitive Deficitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Swanson

Baler

Volkow

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

216

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They noted that studies using young, pre-adolescent subjects were more ükely to show Merences between ADHD and controi groups than studies using adolescent subjects. (Sergeant & Scholten, 1983;1985; The next section will review evidence of stimulant medication effects on cognitive tasks. Wonnation on general medication effects, as well as studies of the effects of higher versus lower doses, will be reviewed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of methylphenidate on complex cognitive processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Berman

Douglas²,

Barr³

1999

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the unlikely event that t h author diâ not a d UMI a complet. rnanusuipt and theri, am mirring pages, -se will be naW. Alro, if unauthoiited copyright materiol hsd to be removecl, a note will indicals the deletion. Photognphs i n d u inIho original manusaipt have been reproduoed xemgmphically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x B" blrck and white photogrsphic prints a n availabk for any photographs

show abstract

“…Early research defined selective attention as a limitation in the rate of controlled processing located in shortterm memory [71,80]. This definition led to a series of studies using both a memory and visual load paradigm [74]. The conclusion from that research programme was that ADHD children did not suffer from a selective attention deficit (see for review [73]).…”

Section: ■ Neuropsychological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EUNETHYDIS ? Searching for valid aetiological candidates of Attention?Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Hyperkinetic Disorder

Sergeant

2004

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

■ Neurobiology of ADHDOne of the main contributions of Eunethydis to the field has been to encourage the development of neurobiological models and mechanisms of HKD/ADHD. The primary model from this work proposes that ADHD/HKD is due to hypofunctioning of dopamine (DA), which produces altered reinforcement processes and deficient extinction [65,66]. A key mechanism involved in reinforcement process is the nucleus accumbens [56]. An alternative "hyper"-"hypo" model of DA has also been proposed [52]. Hypofunctioning of DA is thought to give rise to delay aversion, impulsiveness, deficient response suppression and increased behavioural variability. The dopaminergic hypothesis of ADHD/HKD is crucial to both animal and molecular genetic studies of ADHD and explaining methylphenidate's therapeutic effect.One candidate mechanism is how perinatal anoxia and dopamine relate. Brake, Sullivan, & Gratton [9] found that, while the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) DA response was unaffected by perinatal anoxia, the right PFC response was dramatically suppressed. Moreover, dopamine transporter (DAT) levels were elevated selectively in the right PFC.The Naples group [22] identified an epigenetic mechanism [41] suggesting that tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter gene expression are significantly and transiently reduced in one rat ADHD model (SHR) midbrain during the first month of postnatal develop-

show abstract

A Stages‐of‐information Approach to Hyperactivity

Cited by 60 publications

References 21 publications

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Effects of methylphenidate on complex cognitive processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

EUNETHYDIS ? Searching for valid aetiological candidates of Attention?Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Hyperkinetic Disorder

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About