A Standard Nomenclature for Structures of the Kidney

Kriz, Wilhelm; Bankir, Lise; Bulger, Ruth Ellen; Burg, Maurice B.; Goncharevskaya, O. A.; Imai, Masashi; Kaissling, Brigitte; Maunsbach, Arvid B.; Moffat, D. B.; Morel, F; Morgan, Trefor; Natochin, Yu. V.; Tisher, C. Craig; Venkatachalam, Manjeri A.; Whittembury, Guillermo; Wright, Fay

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp080252

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Literature analysis of human kidney blood flow (average 16.4 mL/min/kg, 20% of cardiac output) and associated interindividual variability has been reported previously (7). The structural organisation of the intra-renal vasculature, intrinsic to the physiological functions of the kidney, has been well characterised (71,72).…”

Section: Kidney Weight Volume and Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Scotcher

Jones²,

Posada

et al. 2016

AAPS J

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ABSTRACT.The programme for the 2015 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Orlando, FL; 25-29 October 2015) included a sunrise session presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art tools for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and mechanistic prediction of renal drug disposition. These concepts are based on approaches developed for prediction of hepatic clearance, with consideration of scaling factors physiologically relevant to kidney and the unique and complex structural organisation of this organ. Physiologically relevant kidney models require a number of parameters for mechanistic description of processes, supported by quantitative information on renal physiology (system parameters) and in vitro/in silico drug-related data. This review expands upon the themes raised during the session and highlights the importance of high quality in vitro drug data generated in appropriate experimental setup and robust system-related information for successful IVIVE of renal drug disposition. The different in vitro systems available for studying renal drug metabolism and transport are summarised and recent developments involving state-of-the-art technologies highlighted. Current gaps and uncertainties associated with system parameters related to human kidney for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and quantitative prediction of renal drug disposition, excretion, and/or metabolism are identified.

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Section: Kidney Weight Volume and Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Scotcher

Jones²,

Posada

et al. 2016

AAPS J

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“…Consecutive sections were placed on glass microscope slides for immunohistochemistry (4 sections/slide). The boundary between the IM and OM was identified on the basis of structural criteria (7).…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional architecture of inner medullary vasa recta

Pannabecker

Dantzler²

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology

160

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Pannabecker, Thomas L., and William H. Dantzler. Threedimensional architecture of inner medullary vasa recta. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F1355-F1366, 2006. First published December 27, 2006 doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00481.2005The manner in which vasa recta function and contribute to the concentrating mechanism depends on their three-dimensional relationships to each other and to tubular elements. We have examined the three-dimensional architecture of vasculature relative to tubular structures in the central region of rat kidney inner medulla from the base through the first 3 mm by combining immunohistochemistry and semiautomated image acquisition techniques with graphical modeling software. Segments of descending vasa recta (DVR), ascending vasa recta (AVR), descending thin limb (DTL), ascending thin limb (ATL), and collecting duct (CD) were identified with antibodies against segment-specific proteins associated with solute and water transport (urea channel B, PV-1, aquaporin-1, ClC-K1, aquaporin-2, respectively) by immunofluorescence. Results indicate: 1) DVR, like DTLs, are excluded from CD clusters that we have previously shown to be the organizing element for the inner medulla; 2) AVR, like ATLs, are nearly uniformly distributed transversely across the entire inner medulla outside of and within CD clusters; 3) DVR and AVR outside CD clusters appear to be sufficiently juxtaposed to permit good countercurrent exchange; 4) within CD clusters, about four AVR closely abut each CD, surrounding it in a highly symmetrical fashion; and 5) AVR abutting each CD and ATLs within CD clusters form repeating nodal interstitial spaces bordered by a CD on one side, one or more ATLs on the opposite side, and one AVR on each of the other two sides. These relationships may be highly significant for both establishing and maintaining the inner medullary osmotic gradient. three-dimensional reconstruction; PV-1; urea channel B; aquaporin; ClC-K; ␣B-crystallin; countercurrent multiplier; concentrating mechanism; vasa recta AMONG ALL FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS within the kidney, the concentrating mechanism in the inner medulla (IM) is perhaps the most complicated and, certainly, the least well understood. Recent characterization of proteins associated with epithelial and endothelial membrane transport in defined vascular and tubular segments of the IM has provided new information for models of the concentrating mechanism. However, interactions of the transport of fluid and small solutes that these proteins enable depend profoundly on the three-dimensional (3-D) architecture of the nephrons, collecting ducts (CDs), blood vessels, and interstitial cells and matrix. We have previously described some of the 3-D relationships of the inner medullary thin limbs of Henle's loops and CDs and the location of some of the transport or channel proteins along them (19,20). This information helped us to propose one possible model for the concentrating mechanism in the IM (9). However, these studies did not include information on the inner medullary vascula...

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“…The Standard Nomenclature for Structures of the Kidney released by the Renal Commission of the International Union of Physiological Sciences 10 states that the kidney is composed of at least three different nephrons, each nephron divided into at least 10-12 different segments, any nephron segment containing multiple cell types, each cell type possibly having different and specific functions within that segment. In addition to the various tubular epithelial cells, the kidney contains cell components of the glomeruli, lymphatic system, blood vessels, and interstitium.…”

Section: Microenvironments For a Paracrine Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 This type of cell together with the intercalated cell (Ic) comprise the components of the connecting tubule, a segment located between the distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct. 10 (According to cytological criteria, a connecting tubule is interposed between a nephron and a cortical collecting duct. Whether this connecting tubule derives from nephrogenic blastema, and therefore must be considered a part of the nephron, or from the ureteral bud, and therefore is part of the collecting duct, remains an open question.)…”

Section: Renal Kallikreinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of components of the kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney: relation to renal function. State of the art lecture.

1992

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T he renal kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is a complex multienzymatic system, the main components of which are the enzyme kallikrein, the substrate kininogen, effector hormones or kinins (lysyl-bradykinin, bradykinin), metabolizing enzymes (several kininases, the most relevant being kininases I and II [ACE] and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 [NEP]), and an as-yet unknown number of activators and inhibitors of kallikrein and kininases.The renal KKS seems to participate in both intrarenal and extrarenal complex events such as control of the extracellular volume, regulation of blood pressure, and control of sodium and water excretion, renal vascular resistance, and renin release. The biology of components of the KKS, including its regulation, molecular biology, and abnormalities associated with major diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, has been reviewed in recent years. 1 -8 With regard to the main components of the KKS, it is currently known that 1) kininogens are found in large amounts in the interstitial fluid and plasma, 2) kallikrein is rapidly inactivated by several protease inhibitors when released into the circulation, 3) kinins have short half-lives in plasma, being rapidly degraded by 4) several kininases ubiquitously found in endothelial cells, the brush border of proximal convoluted tubular cells, distal tubular cells, urine, and plasma. These considerations led others to hypothesize that the KKS functions in a paracrine fashion, regulating local tissue function near where the hormones are released. 9The purpose of this review is to address the cellular localization of some of the main components of the KKS in the kidney within the framework of the current morphology. Therefore, this is an anatomic approach to characterizing the sites of action and the microtopographical environments relevant to a paracrine function of the KKS.

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A Standard Nomenclature for Structures of the Kidney

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Three-dimensional architecture of inner medullary vasa recta

Localization of components of the kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney: relation to renal function. State of the art lecture.

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