A Starburst Revealed—Luminous Radio Supernovae in the Nuclei of Arp 220

Smith, H. E.; Lonsdale, C. J.; Lonsdale, Colin J.; Diamond, P. J.

doi:10.1086/311122

Cited by 204 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Sa8 indicates that the luminosity from the Arp 220 western nucleus could be generated by 200−1000 super-star clusters. An important contribution from star formation to the luminosity of the western nucleus is indeed evident (e.g., Smith et al 1998;Lonsdale et al 2006), and the apparent lack of strong X-ray emission from X-ray binaries associated with star formation (Lonsdale et al 2006) can be interpreted in terms of extreme absorption column densities (Sa08, this work).…”

Section: Sources Of Luminositymentioning

confidence: 93%

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃

González-Alfonso

Fischer

Graciá-Carpio

et al. 2012

A&A

157

166

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Full range Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of the (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies NGC 4418 and Arp 220, observed as part of the SHINING key programme, reveals high excitation in H 2 O, OH, HCN, and NH 3 . In NGC 4418, absorption lines were detected with E lower > 800 K (H 2 O), 600 K (OH), 1075 K (HCN), and 600 K (NH 3 ), while in Arp 220 the excitation is somewhat lower. While outflow signatures in moderate excitation lines are seen in Arp 220 as have been seen in previous studies, in NGC 4418 the lines tracing its outer regions are redshifted relative to the nucleus, suggesting an inflow withṀ 12 M yr −1 . Both galaxies have compact and warm (T dust 100 K) nuclear continuum components, together with a more extended and colder component that is much more prominent and massive in Arp 220. A chemical dichotomy is found in both sources: on the one hand, the nuclear regions have high H 2 O abundances, ∼10 −5 , and high HCN/H 2 O and HCN/NH 3 column density ratios of 0.1−0.4 and 2−5, respectively, indicating a chemistry typical of evolved hot cores where grain mantle evaporation has occurred. On the other hand, the high OH abundance, with OH/H 2 O ratios of ∼0.5, indicates the effects of X-rays and/or cosmic rays. The nuclear media have high surface brightnesses ( 10 13 L /kpc 2 ) and are estimated to be very thick (N H 10 25 cm −2 ). While NGC 4418 shows weak absorption in H 18 2 O and 18 OH, with a 16 O-to-18 O ratio of 250−500, the relatively strong absorption of the rare isotopologues in Arp 220 indicates 18 O enhancement, with 16 O-to-18 O of 70−130. Further away from the nuclear regions, the H 2 O abundance decreases to 10 −7 and the OH/H 2 O ratio is reversed relative to the nuclear region to 2.5−10. Despite the different scales and morphologies of NGC 4418, Arp 220, and Mrk 231, preliminary evidence is found for an evolutionary sequence from infall, hot-core like chemistry, and solar oxygen isotope ratio to high velocity outflow, disruption of the hot core chemistry and cumulative high mass stellar processing of 18 O.

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Section: Sources Of Luminositymentioning

confidence: 93%

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃

González-Alfonso

Fischer

Graciá-Carpio

et al. 2012

A&A

157

166

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“…At the same time, Smith et al (1998) resolved the radio nucleus of Arp 220 and found many radio-emitting point sources, which were identified as SNRs. They estimated the SFR in Arp 220 as about 50-100 M yr −1 and estimated he supernova rate in the galaxy as 1.75-3.5 yr −1 .…”

Section: Supernovae In Starburst Regionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles

Bykov

2014

Astron Astrophys Rev

118

102

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Starforming factories in galaxies produce compact clusters and loose associations of young massive stars. Fast radiation-driven winds and supernovae input their huge kinetic power into the interstellar medium in the form of highly supersonic and superalfvenic outflows. Apart from gas heating, collisionless relaxation of fast plasma outflows results in fluctuating magnetic fields and energetic particles. The energetic particles comprise a long-lived component which may contain a sizeable fraction of the kinetic energy released by the winds and supernova ejecta and thus modify the magnetohydrodynamic flows in the systems. We present a concise review of observational data and models of nonthermal emission from starburst galaxies, superbubbles, and compact clusters of massive stars. Efficient mechanisms of particle acceleration and amplification of fluctuating magnetic fields with a wide dynamical range in starburst regions are discussed. Sources of cosmic rays, neutrinos and multi-wavelength nonthermal emission associated with starburst regions including potential galactic "PeVatrons" are reviewed in the global galactic ecology context.

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“…Examples of these have been imaged at higher resolution by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), in Arp 220 (Smith et al 1998) and Mrk 231 (Taylor et al 1999). The total radio powers can be used to estimate the associated supernova rates that would be required to account for the radio sources.…”

Section: No 2 2002 Agns In H II Galaxiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Search for Active Galactic Nuclei in Sc Galaxies with HiiSpectra

Ulvestad¹,

Ho²

2002

ApJ

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We have searched for nuclear radio emission from a statistically complete sample of 40 Sc galaxies within 30 Mpc that are optically classified as star-forming objects, in order to determine whether weak active galactic nuclei might be present. Only three nuclear radio sources were detected, in NGC 864, NGC 4123, and NGC 4535. These galaxies have peak 6 cm radio powers of $10 20 W Hz À1 at arcsecond resolution, while upper limits of the nondetected galaxies typically range from 10 18:4 to 10 20 W Hz À1 . The three nuclear radio sources are all resolved and appear to have diffuse morphologies, with linear sizes of $300 pc. This strongly indicates that circumnuclear star formation has been detected in these three H ii galaxies. Comparisons with previous 20 cm Very Large Array (VLA) results for the detected galaxies show that the extended nuclear radio emission has a flat spectrum in two objects and is almost certainly generated by thermal emission from gas ionized by young stars in the centers of those galaxies. The 6 cm radio powers are comparable to predictions for thermal emission that are based on the nuclear H luminosities and imply nuclear star formation rates of 0.08-0.8 M yr À1 , while the low-resolution NRAO VLA Sky Survey implies galaxy-wide star formation rates of 0.3-1.0 M yr À1 in stars above 5 M . In a few of the undetected galaxies, the upper limits to the radio power are lower than predicted from the H luminosity, possibly because of overresolution of central star-forming regions. Although the presence of active nuclei powered by massive black holes cannot be definitively ruled out, the present results suggest that they are likely to be rare in these late-type galaxies with H ii spectra.

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A Starburst Revealed—Luminous Radio Supernovae in the Nuclei of Arp 220

Cited by 204 publications

References 15 publications

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃

Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles

A Search for Active Galactic Nuclei in Sc Galaxies with HiiSpectra

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A Starburst Revealed—Luminous Radio Supernovae in the Nuclei of Arp 220

Cited by 204 publications

References 15 publications

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H2O, H218O, OH,18OH, O I, HCN, and NH3

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H2O, H218O, OH,18OH, O I, HCN, and NH3

Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles

A Search for Active Galactic Nuclei in Sc Galaxies with HiiSpectra

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃

Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H₂O, H₂¹⁸O, OH,¹⁸OH, O I, HCN, and NH₃