A State-of-Art Review of the Vicious Circle of Sleep Disorders, Diabetes and Neurodegeneration Involving Metabolism and Microbiota Alterations

Abstract

In the context of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive decline is frequently reported in older population. Recently, numerous metabolic pathways have been implicated in neurodegeneration, including signaling disruption of insulin and other glucose-regulating hormones. In fact, Alzheimer’s disease has now been considered as “type-3 diabetes”. In this review, we tried to clarify the role of sleep impairment as the third major player in the complex relationship between metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Altered sleep may trigger or perpetuate these vicious mechanisms, leading to the development of both dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, we analyzed these reciprocal interactions considering the emerging role of the gut microbiota in modulating the same processes. Conditions of dysbiosis have been linked to circadian rhythm disruption, metabolic alterations, and release of neurotoxic products, all contributing to neurodegeneration. In a future prospective, gut microbiota could provide a major contribution in explaining the tangled relationship between sleep disorders, dementia and diabetes.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Liver Cirrhosis

“…Numerous reports have found that patients with LC, autoimmune diseases, Parkinson's disease, autism and Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) have altered gut microbiotas [29,38,39]. Moreover, research studies have established the significant influence of gut microbiota in conditions such as anxiety, depression [40], multiple sclerosis [41], insomnia [42], polycystic ovarian syndrome [43] and diabetes [44]. This extensive involvement underscores the versatility of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which offers approaches applicable to both intestinal and non-intestinal issues.…”

Dietary Marine Hydrolysate Improves Memory Performance and Social Behavior through Gut Microbiota Remodeling during Aging

“…Furthermore, gut microbiota also plays a role in shaping the host's circadian rhythms that are also modified during aging [69,70]. A comparison between germ-free mice and specific pathogen-free mice has corroborated that microbiota significantly induce diurnal circadian rhythms within liver hepatocytes [71].…”

The Role of Helicobacter pylori and Metabolic Syndrome-Related Mast Cell Activation Pathologies and Their Potential Impact on Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes

“…Specifically, MCs could play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of H. pylori/MetSrelated conditions, including hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, IR, T2DM, cardio-metabolic conditions, AD, referred to as "type-3 diabetes", and their complications [135,[138][139][140]. For example, dyslipidemia is strongly linked with H. pylori/MetS, and MC activation, through the release of tryptase and chymase, contributes to dyslipidemia [141], while eradication of H. pylori improves lipid profiles such as fibrinogen, an independent risk factor for MetS-related C-CVD and dementia [25,142].…”