A state-of-the-art on smart materials actuators over the last decade: control aspects for diverse applications

Abstract

A comprehensive review of smart materials actuators is presented from control aspects for various applications. The smart materials actuators considered in this work are actively being applied to diverse control systems: magnetorheological elastomer, magnetorheological fluid, piezoelectric material, shape memory alloy, magneto-strictive material, and electro-active polymer. Both classical and modern control approaches, which have been realized for diverse applications over the last 10 years, are surveyed and discussed using the tables and figures. In order to quickly visualize and compare the different control characteristics of each actuator, the table summarizes several aspects of the specific device/system, controller type, control target, control criterion, inherent property, and outcome. The total publications and appearance of these actuators in every year are shown through the figures to understand the research status and trend easily. In addition, the featured structures of control schemes are analyzed and discussed to provide future research direction for the enhancement of control performance. It is no doubt that this review analysis significantly supports full information so that researchers related to smart materials can understand and compare the salient characteristic of each actuator and hence develop a new or advanced one for a certain control application.

A review on design and modelling methods of magnetic circuit cores for MR elastomers and MR fluids based system

“…Appropriate control strategy use for a specific MRE application system is critical. Thus, Do and Choi [15] reviewed and summarized various control strategies applicable to MRE systems to achieve high performance of MRE application systems showing control type, control system, control target and control results. For example, adaptable control, neural networks, predictive control, genetic algorithm, phase on-off control, model-free fuzzy control, phase-based fuzzy logic control and dual loop adaptive control are robust against disturbances and model uncertainties and provide high control performance to MRE systems.…”

“…Since the field-dependent properties of MRF are nonlinear and dependent on various factors such as particle type and size, establishing a theoretical or analytical constitutive model without experimental coefficients is very difficult. Recently, Pei and Peng [27] Numerous control strategies for MRF systems are available for vibration and impact control, adaptive control, sliding mode control, adaptive fuzzy control, composite adaptive control, adaptive PID control, optimal sliding mode control, LQR/LQG control, skyhook control, hysteresis linearization control, adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control, hybrid optimal control, adaptive fuzzy neural network control [15]. On the other hand, relatively large MRF dampers (higher than 1000 kN) require sufficient damping force with allowable input current, safety from high pressure, magnetic saturation, and choice of operation modes.…”

Aircraft landing gear system with magnetorheological shock strut: Performance evaluation via drop test

“…Consequently, the main technical contributions of this work are to formulate and optimize the 2-DOF MRLG model for the evaluation of the drop performance and validate the model via drop test. Therefore, sophisticated or robust control strategies such as sliding mode controller which can apply to the proposed semiactive control system under the semi-active condition did not considered (Do and Choi, 2022). Instead, the modeling accuracies between the proposed model and measurement are evaluated at various sink speed, different unsprung mass and input current As a first step, it is derived a mathematical model governing the motions of the MRLG considering the pressure (major and minor) losses that is generally neglected in the MR damper model applicable to vehicle suspension systems.…”

Ring-Shaped Piezoelectric 5-DOF Robot for Angular-Planar Motion

“…In comparison with electromagnetic actuators, the most important advantage of piezoelectric actuators is the ability to provide nanometer or sub-micrometer resolution [ 9 ]. Control of the piezoelectric actuators is performed by the applied voltage on particular electrodes and evaluation is made by measuring dynamic characteristics of the system, such as displacement, velocity, or acceleration [ 10 ]. Flexible design principles allow for the development of piezoelectric motors with single or dual rotors, or for the implementation of motors with several stators [ 11 , 12 ].…”