A State of the Art on Red Mud as a Substitutional Cementitious Material

Abstract

Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste produced from the alumina refinery plants. Every year more than 300 million tons of red mud is producing throughout world. Disposal of a large quantity of red mud is very expensive and it creates contamination of neighbor lands, air and water bodies. Using red mud as a sustainable cementitious material in concrete is highly appreciable, because concrete is a second largest using material after water. Moreover, reduce the negative effect on environment due to red mud disposal as well as cement industries. The present paper conducted a critical review on bayer process of red mud, physical and chemical properties of red mud. And also workability, mechanical, durability and microstructure characterization of red mud when used in concrete as sustainable cementitious material. In the red mud iron oxide and alumina oxide are presented abundantly. Red mud accelerates the heat of hydration in concrete and it leads to strength enhancement in early ages. Increases the quantity of red mud in concrete reduces the workability but increases the strength of concrete. However, the chemical composition of red mud and its particle size helps to improve the durability property of concrete. Red mud offers more capable to arrest the chloride ions and other ions diffusion into concrete. Red mud minimizes the micro cracks and voids present in concrete by its particles size as well as bonding nature with other materials up to certain dosage of red mud used in concrete.

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

“…Many studies investigated extraction of valuable components [7][8][9] with a particular focus on iron [10,11] as a major red mud 2 of 23 component [12] and rare-earth metals [13][14][15][16] as a critical material for many important technologies [17]. A common approach involves utilization of red mud in construction industry [18], namely in production of cement [19], concrete [20], bricks [21,22], geopolymers [23], etc. Some studies considered its use as an adsorbent [24], catalyst [25] and coagulant [26].…”

Optimized Structural Performance of Paver Blocks of Bajri Concrete: NRM Partly Substituting Cement

“…It is found to be reuse Power et al, 2009[27]. The high alkalinity (pH: 11-13) are creating solemn threat to the water and environment and kills all vegetation's all around, Venkatesh S., 2019 [28].A considerable work has been done to use this detrimental waste as to use this waste in manufacture of iron & steel, alumina, titania, and alkali, as building materials like brick, LWA (light weight aggregates), tiles manufacture for roofs and floors with cements, manufacture of pottery, bricks, sanitary ware, colored tiles , glasses, glazes, sanitary gadgets, and many others like fertilizer, waste treatment and filler (Parekh et al, 1976[29], Prasad P.M. et al, 1985[16]). About 1 -2.5 MT of RM is evolved during production of 1MT of alumina depending upon the raw ore.…”

Alkali-reduced Bauxite Residue as Novel SCM

“…Recent efforts in utilizing BR as a cement replacement material has been summarized [7,12,13]. Almost all studies performed and described in the mentioned references, used BR "as is" without further treatment and investigated the effect of BR on mechanical properties.…”