A state-of-the-art review of functional magnetic resonance imaging technique integrated with advanced statistical modeling and machine learning for primary headache diagnosis

Abstract

Primary headache is a very common and burdensome functional headache worldwide, which can be classified as migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC), and other primary headaches. Managing and treating these different categories require distinct approaches, and accurate diagnosis is crucial. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a research hotspot to explore primary headache. By examining the interrelationships between activated brain regions and improving temporal and spatial resolution, fMRI can distinguish between primary headaches and their subtypes. Currently the most commonly used is the cortical brain mapping technique, which is based on blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI). This review sheds light on the state-of-the-art advancements in data analysis based on fMRI technology for primary headaches along with their subtypes. It encompasses not only the conventional analysis methodologies employed to unravel pathophysiological mechanisms, but also deep-learning approaches that integrate these techniques with advanced statistical modeling and machine learning. The aim is to highlight cutting-edge fMRI technologies and provide new insights into the diagnosis of primary headaches.

New perspectives on migraine treatment: a review of the mechanisms and effects of complementary and alternative therapies

“…In addition, key areas of migraine research include further exploration of molecular markers and the use of imaging techniques to identify key mechanisms and triggers. In a longitudinal neuroimaging study, the duration of the aura phase of a spontaneous human migraine attack was found to be 48 h using MRI, and hypothalamic activation may serve as a potential marker for this staging ( 75 , 81 ). In summary, the potential of CAT in migraine treatment is remarkable, offering a range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological options that can be tailored to the therapeutic needs of individual patients.…”