A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization

Khajeh, Aghileh; Nazari, Zeynab; Movahedrad, Mehran; Vakili, Amir Hossein

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173500

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the scalar Ai is influenced by the properties of both the soil and the cementitious matrix. Also, the evolution of XG effects on the Go of compacted clay can be analyzed using the proposal porosity/cement index as presented by Equation (2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This enhances packing density, potentially influenced by intermolecular interactions between lignosulfonate and clay particles, and translates to a potentially more robust structure with improved load-bearing capacity. Additionally, lignosulfonate's tunable hydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity plays a role in its effectiveness with different soil types [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Bibliometric Analysis to Experimental Validation: Bibliometric and Literature Review of Four Cementing Agents in Soil Stabilization with Experimental Focus on Xanthan Gum

Baldovino,

Palma Calabokis,

Saba

2024

Sustainability

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This article focuses on the search for efficient solutions to enhance the mechanical strength of geomaterials, especially soils, with crucial applications in civil engineering. Four promising materials are explored as soil improvement agents: natural latex (rubber trees), lignosulfonate (paper industry byproduct), xanthan gum (bacterial fermentation), and eggshell lime. While other sustainable options exist, these four were chosen for their distinct characteristics and potential for further study. Natural latex, derived from rubber trees, demonstrates exceptional potential for strengthening the mechanical resistance of soils, offering a path to effective stabilization without compromising environmental sustainability. Lignosulfonate, a paper industry byproduct, emerges as an alternative that can significantly enhance the load-bearing capacity of soils, boosting its applicability in civil engineering projects. Xanthan gum, produced through bacterial fermentation, possesses unique properties that increase soil cohesion and strength, making it a valuable option for geotechnical applications. Finally, despite potential challenges, eggshell lime shows promising potential in enhancing the mechanical resistance of soils. This study highlights the importance of evaluating and comparing these agents in terms of their effectiveness in improving the mechanical strength of soils in civil engineering applications. In the literature review, the impact of stabilizer addition (%) was examined for the four cementing agents studied, along with its influence on key soil properties like optimum moisture content (OMC, %), maximum dry density (MDD, gm/cc), California bearing ratio (CBR, %), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) at 28 days (MPa), and the change in UCS (ΔUCS, %) among other physicochemical parameters. Appropriate selection of these materials can lead to developing more robust and sustainable geomaterials, promoting significant advancements in geotechnical engineering and civil construction practices. To evaluate their effectiveness, the efficiency of one of them was assessed experimentally. Xanthan gum (XG) was selected to biopolymerize clay soil. Specimens were prepared for strength and stiffness tests, including unconfined compression, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultrasonic wave analysis. The impact of stabilizer concentration was examined (e.g., 1%, 3%, 5% xanthan gum) to assess how dosage affects the soil–stabilizer mixture. The results showed that the rubber increases the unconfined compression and stiffness of the soil, controlled by the XG’s porosity/volumetric quantity ratio. The research demonstrates the potential of XG, but a broader analysis of all four materials with the outlined testing methods paves the way for future advancements in geotechnical engineering.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Bibliometric Analysis to Experimental Validation: Bibliometric and Literature Review of Four Cementing Agents in Soil Stabilization with Experimental Focus on Xanthan Gum

Baldovino,

Palma Calabokis,

Saba

2024

Sustainability

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Preparation of quaternary ammonium lignosulfonate modified UV resistant polyurethane and its application in leather dyeing

Zhou,

Yuan,

Zhang

et al. 2024

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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Progress towards the identification and improvement of dispersive soils: A review

Zhang,

Liu,

Han

2024

European J Soil Science

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Dispersive soils, characterized by their poor resistance to water erosion and high sodium ion concentrations, pose a significant threat to both engineering and agricultural activities. Thus, the identification and improvement of dispersive soils are of paramount importance. There are several theories regarding the causes of soil dispersion, with the prevailing view attributing it to the expansion of the electrical double layer induced by sodium ions, which subsequently reduces the cohesion between soil particles. As a result, sodium indicators such as exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), percentage sodium (PS), and sodium adsorption rate (SAR) are commonly employed in the identification of dispersive soils. Currently, in efforts to improve dispersive soils for both engineering and agricultural purposes, chemical and biological agents are being added to enhance the soil's erosion resistance and regulate the concentration of sodium ions. Although numerous reviews have been conducted on the identification and improvement of dispersive soils, they tend to focus on the identification methods and the types of improvers, often overlooking the applicability of identification methods, the economic costs and environmental impacts of improvers. In practical improvement, the accuracy of soil identification must be ensured first and foremost. The selection of improvers should not only prioritise efficacy but also undergo thorough analysis and evaluation from multiple perspectives. This paper, therefore, reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various identification methods and assesses the differences among improvers from economic and environmental standpoints, providing a comprehensive theoretical basis for the improvement of dispersive soils.

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A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization

Cited by 3 publications

References 160 publications

From Bibliometric Analysis to Experimental Validation: Bibliometric and Literature Review of Four Cementing Agents in Soil Stabilization with Experimental Focus on Xanthan Gum

From Bibliometric Analysis to Experimental Validation: Bibliometric and Literature Review of Four Cementing Agents in Soil Stabilization with Experimental Focus on Xanthan Gum

Preparation of quaternary ammonium lignosulfonate modified UV resistant polyurethane and its application in leather dyeing

Progress towards the identification and improvement of dispersive soils: A review

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