A statistical comparison of contact angle measurement methods

Kirk, Seth; Strobel, Mark; Lyons, Christopher S.; Janis, Stuart

doi:10.1080/01694243.2019.1611400

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…14 The static contact angle between the lubricating oil medium and the FKM samples was determined by sessile dropping method. 25,26 For characterization of FKM, we used the reflection mode that required ATR accessories. Due to the strong absorption and high refractive index of carbon black in FKM, the ATR crystal Ge with high refractive index was chosen.…”

Section: Characterization Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidation of lubricating oil and its influence on the aging behaviors of fluorine rubber

Guo

Wang

Zhuo

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Fluoroelastomer (FKM) has been widely used in aerospace and some particular fields, whose aging is a key problem to influence the service life of the systems. The aging behaviors of FKM in the lubricating oil have been investigated in our previous study. In this work, the influence of intentionally aged or oxidized lubricating oil (A‐O) on the aging process of FKM is reported for the first time comparing with the situation in the fresh oil (F‐O). As the oil medium aged at 200°C for different time, its color, acid number and contact angle with FKM change evidently indicating possible oxidation might occur although the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) has little change. Then, the influence of aged oil medium on the aging behaviors of FKM was further examined. Compared with F‐O, the aging process of FKM in A‐O was significantly accelerated as evidenced by FTIR, tensile strength, mass change, DMA, and macroscopic observation. With the increase of aging temperature from 150 to 200°C, the contrast between A‐O and F‐O conditions become more prominent. Specifically, at 200°C, the crosslinking density and tensile strength of FKM in A‐O decreased by 2.2 × 10−4 mol/cm3 and 2.5 MPa compared to that in F‐O, and the mass change reached to 3.8%, which might be due to the higher amount of oil medium by diffusion into the FKM matrix.

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Section: Characterization Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The static contact angle between the lubricating oil medium and the FKM samples was determined by sessile dropping method 25,26 . For characterization of FKM, we used the reflection mode that required ATR accessories.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation of lubricating oil and its influence on the aging behaviors of fluorine rubber

Guo

Wang

Zhuo

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The traditional contact angle method, although used routinely for many years, is proven relatively limited in measuring the wettability of cores especially. − The contact angle measurement is susceptible to the surface roughness of the core slice, imbibition effect, the volume of the tested droplet, and oil saturation, as shown in Figure . Thus, it is a big challenge to accurately evaluate reservoir intrinsic wettability. − Particularly, when the core is relatively hydrophobic, the increase in surface roughness of the hydrophobic core will probably lead to a conspicuous rise in the contact angle of water droplets, according to the Wenzel model, as shown in Figure a. , Although the rock surface roughness can be controlled by grinding and polishing, the grinding process will also change the physical and chemical properties of the core surface, affecting wettability measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscale Reservoir Wettability Evaluation Based on Oil–Rock Nanomechanics

Luo

Chu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Low oil production and rapid production decline epitomize the challenges of unconventional reservoir development. Rocks in the formation with micro-/nanoscale pore-throat units possess an immense surface area. Consequently, the wettability of rocks plays a crucial role in the relative permeability of oil/water, the injection pressure, the distribution and morphology of residual oil, and hence the ultimate oil recovery. Contact angle, as a frequently used method to evaluate wettability, is susceptible to oil-water saturation, imbibition, and surface roughness of rock slices. In addition, the measurement scale (droplet of several millimeters) does not match the flow scale (pore units in micro-or nanoscale). Therefore, this paper established a new wettability evaluation method based on oil−rock interaction. Molecular dynamics simulation results demonstrated that the interaction energy between the oil molecule and walls with different wettabilities shows a distinct discrepancy. Accordingly, nanomechanics by AFM was utilized to measure the oil molecule−pore wall interaction force. It was found that the interaction force increases with the augmented hydrophobicity of the pore wall due to hydrophobic force. In addition, the reservoir rock wettability index was defined using the oil−rock interaction force in the nanoscale. The wettability index has an excellent linear correlation with the intrinsic contact angle. The wettability evaluation method based on the oil−rock interaction force is more direct, facile, and rapid and overcomes the limitation of the traditional contact angle method.

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“…Kirk et al applied statistical analysis for the selection of the CA measurement method. They concluded that the Wilhelmy-plate method obtained the greatest precision and sensitivity [19]. Bachmann et al found the Wilhelmyplate method and a modified capillary rise method to be reliable [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified Contact Angle Measurement Process to Suppress Oil Drop Spreading and Improve Precision

et al. 2022

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Static contact angle measurement is a widely applied method for wettability assessment. Despite its convenience, it suffers from errors induced by contact angle hysteresis, material heterogeneity, and other factors. This paper discusses the oil drop spreading phenomenon that was frequently observed during contact angle measurements. Experimental tests showed that this phenomenon is closely related to surfactants in the surrounding phase, the remaining oil on the rock surface, and oil inside the surrounding phase. A modified contact angle measurement process was proposed. In the modified method, deionized water was used as the surrounding phase, and a rock surface cleaning step was added. Subsequent measurements showed a very low chance of oil drop spreading and improved precision. A further comparison study showed that, when the surrounding phase was deionized water, the measured contact angle values tended to be closer to intermediate-wet conditions compared to the values measured in clean surfactant solutions. This difference became more significant when the surface was strongly water-wet or strongly oil-wet. As a result, the developed process has two prerequisites: that the in-situ contact angle values inside surfactant solutions are not required, and that the wettability alteration induced by the surfactant solution is irreversible.

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A statistical comparison of contact angle measurement methods

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Oxidation of lubricating oil and its influence on the aging behaviors of fluorine rubber

Oxidation of lubricating oil and its influence on the aging behaviors of fluorine rubber

Microscale Reservoir Wettability Evaluation Based on Oil–Rock Nanomechanics

A Modified Contact Angle Measurement Process to Suppress Oil Drop Spreading and Improve Precision

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