A Statistical Method for Analyzing Rating Scale Data: The BBB Locomotor Score

Scheff, Stephen W.; Saucier, Donald A.; Cain, Mary E.

doi:10.1089/08977150260338038

Cited by 131 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's post hoc test, except for BBB scoring which was further analyzed by the Bonferroni post hoc test as recommended [20] . P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of Batroxobin on spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2013

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Expansion of the secondary injury following primary spinal cord injury is a major pathological event that increases destruction in the spinal cord, so measures to reduce secondary injury are needed. Our previous study demonstrated that, at the front of the expanding secondary injury in the spinal cord, there is an ischemic area in which many neurons can still be rescued. Therefore, enhancement of blood circulation in the cord may be helpful, and indeed, we found that a traditional Chinese medicine, shu-xue-tong, efficiently reduces the secondary injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of reducing fibrinogen with Batroxobin, a drug widely used clinically for ischemia, in rats with spinal cord contusion. We found that both 2 and 4 Batroxobin units (BU)/kg efficiently decreased the plasma fibrinogen, and 2 BU/kg significantly increased spinal blood flow, enhanced neuronal survival, mitigated astrocyte and microglia activation, and improved locomotor recovery. However, 4 BU/kg had no effect on the secondary spinal cord injury. These data suggest that Batroxobin has multiple beneficial effects on spinal cord injury, indicating a potential clinical application.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of Batroxobin on spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2013

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“…Motor dysfunction due to spinal cord compression was evaluated using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score (Scheff et al 2002). The BBB scores were evaluated each day before the EEG recording session.…”

Section: Behavior Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined nonlinear metrics to evaluate spontaneous EEG recordings from chronic spinal cord injury in a rat model: a pilot study

Wang

et al. 2016

Cogn Neurodyn

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a high-cost disability and may cause permanent loss of movement and sensation below the injury location. The chance of cure in human after SCI is extremely limited. Instead, neural regeneration could have been seen in animals after SCI, and such regeneration could be retarded by blocking neural plasticity pathways, showing the importance of neural plasticity in functional recovery. As an indicator of nonlinear dynamics in the brain, sample entropy was used here in combination with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and Kolmogorov complexity to quantify functional plasticity changes in spontaneous EEG recordings of rats before and after SCI. The results showed that the sample entropy values were decreased at the first day following injury then gradually increased during recovery. DFA and Kolmogorov complexity results were in consistent with sample entropy, showing the complexity of the EEG time series was lost after injury and partially regained in 1 week. The tendency to regain complexity is in line with the observation of behavioral rehabilitation. A critical time point was found during the recovery process after SCI. Our preliminary results suggested that the combined use of these nonlinear dynamical metrics could provide a quantitative and predictive way to assess the change of neural plasticity in a spinal cord injury rat model.

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“…The BBB scale can be analyzed using parametric statistics over a portion of the scale (scores 1-14), when a transformation that pools scores 2-4 and 14-21 is applied in a post-hoc fashion (Scheff et al, 2002;Ferguson et al, 2004). Since the application of such a transformation improves the statistical power of the BBB measurements in the lower part of the scale, corresponding to animals with moderate injuries (Ferguson et al, 2004), we used the transformed BBB scale to measure the effects of Tat-Bcl-x L and Tat-BH4 treatment in the locomotor recovery in SCI-treated rats.…”

Section: Behavioral Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detrimental effects of antiapoptotic treatments in spinal cord injury

Cittelly¹,

Nešić²,

Johnson³

et al. 2008

Experimental Neurology

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Long term functional impairments due to spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat result from secondary apoptotic death regulated, in part, by SCI-induced decreases in protein levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x L . We have shown that exogenous administration of Bcl-x L spares neurons 24h after SCI. However, long term effects of chronic application of Bcl-x L have not been characterized. To counteract SCI-induced decreases in Bcl-x L and resulting apoptosis, we used the TAT protein transduction domain fused to the Bcl-x L protein (Tat-Bcl-x L ), or its anti-apoptotic domain BH4 (Tat-BH4). We used intrathecal delivery of Tat-Bcl-x L , or Tat-BH4, into injured spinal cords for 24h or 7 days, and apoptosis, neuronal death and locomotor recovery were assessed up to 2 months after injury. Both, Tat-Bcl-x L and Tat-BH4, significantly decreased SCI-induced apoptosis in thoracic segments containing the site of injury (T10) at 24h or 7 days after SCI. However, the 7 day delivery of Tat-Bcl-x L , or Tat-BH4, also induced a significant impairment of locomotor recovery that lasted beyond the drug delivery time. We found that the 7 day administration of TatBcl-x L , or Tat-BH4, significantly increased non-apoptotic neuronal loss and robustly augmented microglia/macrophage activation. These results indicate that the anti-apoptotic treatment targeting Bcl-x L shifts neuronal apoptosis to necrosis, increases the inflammatory response and impairs locomotor recovery. Our results suggest that a combinatorial treatment consisting of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agents may be necessary to achieve tissue preservation and significant improvement in functional recovery after SCI.

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A Statistical Method for Analyzing Rating Scale Data: The BBB Locomotor Score

Cited by 131 publications

References 7 publications

Protective effects of Batroxobin on spinal cord injury in rats

Protective effects of Batroxobin on spinal cord injury in rats

Combined nonlinear metrics to evaluate spontaneous EEG recordings from chronic spinal cord injury in a rat model: a pilot study

Detrimental effects of antiapoptotic treatments in spinal cord injury

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