A statistical model including age to predict passenger postures in the rear seats of automobiles

Park, Jangwoon; Ebert, Sheila M.; Reed, Matthew P.; Hallman, Jason J.

doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1088076

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Currently, little is known about the details of reclined passenger postures, including typical body segment angles. Data-based posture prediction models have been developed for passengers (Park et al 2016a), but these are limited to seat back angles (SAE A40) of 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Reed

Ebert

Jones

2019

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: Highly reclined postures may be common among passengers in future automated vehicles. A laboratory study was conducted to address the need for posture and belt fit in these seating configurations. Methods: In a laboratory vehicle mockup, the postures of 24 men and women with a wide range of body size were measured in a typical front vehicle seat at seat back angles of 23 , 33 , 43 , and 53 . Data were gathered with and without a sitter-adjusted headrest. Posture was characterized by the locations of skeletal joint centers estimated from digitized surface landmarks. Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that the pelvis rotated rearward and lumbar spine flexion decreased with increasing recline. The lap portion of the 3-point belt was more rearward relative to the pelvis in more-reclined postures, and the torso portion crossed the clavicle closer to the midline of the body. Regression equations were developed to predict posture and belt fit variables as a function of passenger characteristics, seat back angle, and the use of the headrest. Conclusions: Spine posture changes as the torso reclines in an automotive seat, and belt fit is altered by the change in posture. The results can be used to accurately position crash test dummies and computation human models and to guide the design of belt restraints.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Reed

Ebert

Jones

2019

Traffic Injury Prevention

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“…The superior endplate and the posterior edge of the vertebral body were prioritized over the inferior endplates when defining the aged posture. The aged posture was then compared to the FBP for posture validation ( Park et al, 2016a ). It was found that M50 75YO had a longer neck than the average population measured in the FBP, but the general posture was considered in agreement given the variability of the lumbar and thoracic regions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The elderly population has been identified to have an increased incidence of injury, compared to a young population, under similar loading in vehicular crashes ( Lomoschitz et al, 2002 ; Kahane, 2013 ). The increased injury risk has been attributed, in part, to the change in posture associated with age ( Park et al, 2016a ). Specifically, within the neck, neck pain prevalence in the elderly (70–74 years old (YO)), is higher than in the younger population ( Safiri et al, 2020 ) while vehicular crashes have been identified as one of the main causes of neck injuries ( Umana et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, Age and Stature Affects Neck Biomechanical Responses in Frontal and Rear Impacts Assessed Using Finite Element Head and Neck Models

Corrales

Cronin

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The increased incidence of injury demonstrated in epidemiological data for the elderly population, and females compared to males, has not been fully understood in the context of the biomechanical response to impact. A contributing factor to these differences in injury risk could be the variation in geometry between young and aged persons and between males and females. In this study, a new methodology, coupling a CAD and a repositioning software, was developed to reposture an existing Finite element neck while retaining a high level of mesh quality. A 5th percentile female aged neck model (F0575YO) and a 50th percentile male aged neck model (M5075YO) were developed from existing young (F0526YO and M5026YO) neck models (Global Human Body Models Consortium v5.1). The aged neck models included an increased cervical lordosis and an increase in the facet joint angles, as reported in the literature. The young and the aged models were simulated in frontal (2, 8, and 15 g) and rear (3, 7, and 10 g) impacts. The responses were compared using head and relative facet joint kinematics, and nominal intervertebral disc shear strain. In general, the aged models predicted higher tissue deformations, although the head kinematics were similar for all models. In the frontal impact, only the M5075YO model predicted hard tissue failure, attributed to the combined effect of the more anteriorly located head with age, when compared to the M5026YO, and greater neck length relative to the female models. In the rear impacts, the F0575YO model predicted higher relative facet joint shear compared to the F0526YO, and higher relative facet joint rotation and nominal intervertebral disc strain compared to the M5075YO. When comparing the male models, the relative facet joint kinematics predicted by the M5026YO and M5075YO were similar. The contrast in response between the male and female models in the rear impacts was attributed to the higher lordosis and facet angle in females compared to males. Epidemiological data reported that females were more likely to sustain Whiplash Associated Disorders in rear impacts compared to males, and that injury risk increases with age, in agreement with the findings in the present study. This study demonstrated that, although the increased lordosis and facet angle did not affect the head kinematics, changes at the tissue level were considerable (e.g., 26% higher relative facet shear in the female neck compared to the male, for rear impact) and relatable to the epidemiology. Future work will investigate tissue damage and failure through the incorporation of aged material properties and muscle activation.

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“…Belt fit measurements were also performed using the Hybrid III 6YO ATD. For each booster configuration, lap belt and shoulder belt fit were quantified in a laboratory rear seat assembly used in a previous University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) study of adult passenger posture and belt fit [19]. This mockup has a cushion with minimal bolstering and a length of 465 mm.…”

Section: Booster Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Posture and Belt Fit in a Range of Booster Configurations

Jones

Ebert

Manary

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Belt positioning boosters reduce injury risk for child occupants compared with seat belts alone. While boosters shorten the effective seat length (and thus reduce slouching), “boosting” the child relative to the vehicle interior components also achieves additional safety benefits. First, the increase of the lap belt angle usually improves belt fit across the pelvis and reduces the risk of the occupant slipping (“submarining”) under the belt. Second, the torso belt is re-centered over the bony landmarks of the shoulder for more effective/secure restraint. Third, the child’s head is relocated in a range better protected by side airbags. The objective of this research was to quantify differences in posture and belt fit across a range of booster designs that provide different levels of boosting. Posture and belt fit were measured in 25 child volunteers aged four to 12. Children were measured in three laboratory seating conditions selected to provide a range of cushion lengths and belt geometries. Six different boosters, as well as a no-booster condition, were evaluated. The low height boosters produced postures that were more slouched, with the hips further forward than in other more typical boosters. Lap belt fit in the low height boosters was not meaningfully different from the other boosters. Shoulder belt fit produced by the lowest height booster was similar to the no-booster condition. Belt positioning boosters that boost the child less than 70 mm produced postures similar to the no-booster condition. While lap belt guides on these products can produce a similar static lap belt fit, they may not provide adequate dynamic performance and do not achieve the other benefits that come with raising the child to a more advantageous location relative to interior components and belts.

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A statistical model including age to predict passenger postures in the rear seats of automobiles

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Sex, Age and Stature Affects Neck Biomechanical Responses in Frontal and Rear Impacts Assessed Using Finite Element Head and Neck Models

Child Posture and Belt Fit in a Range of Booster Configurations

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