A Statistical Study on The Local Time Dependence of Equatorial Spread F (ESF) Irregularities and Their Relation to Low‐Latitude Es Layers Under Geomagnetic Storms

Abstract

In this paper, we present a study on the local time dependence of equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities and their relation to low-latitude Es layers in response to geomagnetic storms using simultaneous observations of two ionosondes one located at Tirunelveli (8.73°N, 77.70°E), an equatorial station and other located at Hyderabad (17.36°N, 78.47°E), an off-equatorial station during the years 2007-2015 that covers solar cycles 23 and 24. The Aarons criteria for the ESF irregularities for different seasons under geomagnetic storms are evaluated. In the category I, we noticed partial enhancement in prereversal enhancement (PRE) during postsunset resulting in~30% occurrence of spread F instead of total inhibition during equinox and winter seasons. Also, occurrence of ESF in summer is suppressed by onlỹ 75% due to partial increase in PRE. In category II, we observed presunrise height enhancement mostly during winter, which caused ESF to occur at~50% followed by equinox and summer. The results presented here suggest that many are actually not following the Aarons criteria possibly due to not considering other background conditions. Accordingly, we examined the plausible role of low-latitude Es layers on the generation of ESF irregularities under these categories during geomagnetic storms. We noticed the absence/presence of Es layers in both categories during postsunset and postmidnight hours resulting in increase/decrease of PRE due to modifications in the field-line-integrated Pederson conductivity. Accordingly, the results suggest that one of the plausible reasons for ESF irregularities not following Aarons criteria is linked to the variability of the low-latitude Es layers. Plain Language SummaryThe electric fields and winds in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere are modified during geomagnetic storms due to coupling of solar wind-magnetosphereionosphere in the high latitudes. Accordingly, the occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities are significantly affected by the geomagnetic storms depending upon the time of the onset of the geomagnetic storm. We classified our observations into three categories based on Aarons criteria under different seasons to examine the role of geomagnetic storms on the generation/suppression of ESF irregularities based on the onset conditions of magnetic storms over India. The observations suggest that many ESF events could not follow this criterion due to not having included other background conditions. Accordingly, we examined the role of low-latitude Es layers, which may affect the field-integrated conductivities of the E and F regions during the onset times of ESF irregularities using larger data. The results suggest that whenever Es layers are present (absent) at low latitude, suppression (generation) of premidnight or postmidnight ESF irregularities at Tirunelveli is on rise. So these results suggest that if the low-latitude Es layers are taken into account, occurrence of ESF irregularities may be explained better by the above criteria.

The Influence of Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field in the Formation of Strong Sporadic E Layers Over Boa Vista, a Low‐Latitude Station in the American Sector

“…They concluded that the PRE with high amplitude, which is related to the SF, is too weak to affect the Es layer development. These differences between the observations in Batista et al (2008) and Singh and Sripathi (2020) show that the Es layer formation dynamic has particularities in regions like BV and requires further studies to be fully understood.…”

“…More recently, Singh and Sripathi (2020) presented a statistical study on the equatorial spread F (SF) occurrence and its relation to the Es layers formation at low latitude during magnetic storms. They used two ionosondes, one located in an equatorial region and another located over an off-equatorial area.…”

A Statistical Analysis of Plasma Bubbles Observed by Swarm Constellation during Different Types of Geomagnetic Storms

“…Our analysis shows that, not only does the occurrence rate of IBIs increase over the African and American regions but also, the probability of observing IBIs at high altitudes (orbit of Swarm B) increases during super storms, as shown in Figure 5a. Regardless, the author of [66] found a significant reduction in the height of the F layer within the evening hours and significant enhancement in the post-midnight period of the April 24, 2012 magnetic storm, suppression in the number of IBIs was observed during these local times. They attributed this suppression to the westward electric field associated with the DDEF or other factors such as injection of the ring current and the IMF Bz.…”

Occurrence of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) Over the Indian Region on 15 January 2022 and Their Plausible Connection to the Tonga Volcano Eruption

“…We also examined their plausible connection to the disturbances in the atmosphere/ionosphere caused by the eruption using global thermospheric winds and TEC observations. While the generation and evolution of EPBs have been extensively explored (Aarons, 1993;Abdu, 2001;Fejer, 1991;Maruyama & Matuura, 1984;Singh & Sripathi, 2020;Sobral et al, 2002;Sreekumar & Sripathi, 2017;Tsunoda, 1985), understanding the generation/excitation of plasma bubbles related to extreme events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and similar phenomena remains an ongoing challenge (Aa et al, 2022;Rakesh et al, 2022;Rajesh et al, 2022;Shinbori et al, 2023;Sun et al, 2022). Aa et al (2022) observed plasma bubbles generated after the Tonga VE, which lasted for an extended duration.…”