A Status Review on Cu₂ZnSn(S, Se)₄-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells

Abstract

Photovoltaics has become a significant branch of next-generation sustainable energy production. Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (copper-zinc-tin-(sulfur, selenium) or CZTS(Se)) is considered one of the most promising, earth-abundant, and nontoxic candidates for solar energy generation over the last decade. However, shallow phase stability of the quaternary phase and the presence of various secondary phases and defects are the main hindrances in achieving the target device performance. This paper summarizes various approaches to synthesize the CZTS absorber layer and the CdS n-type material layer. Besides, different CZTS solar cell device structures, as well as a comprehensive review of secondary phases and defects, have been illustrated and discussed. At last, this review is intended to highlight the current challenges and prospects of CZTS solar cells.

Recent Progress and Challenges in Controlling Secondary Phases in Kesterite CZT(S/Se) Thin Films: A Critical Review

“…The presence of Cu 2 SnS 3 (CTS), observed in Zn-poor CZTS cells, is noteworthy. While CTS is a p-type semiconductor with a band gap similar to CZTS, recent studies suggest its lower efficiency compared to CZTS thin films, highlighting the potential detrimental impact of this unwanted secondary phase on CZTS solar cell performance [140].…”