A stochastic optimization approach for the selection of reflective cracking mitigation techniques

Noori, Mehdi; Tatari, Ömer; Nam, BooHyun; Golestani, Behnam; Greene, James

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2014.09.006

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Within this work, the authors excluded uncertainty and sensitivity analysis and focused on the evaluation of environmental impacts of the three concrete mixed designs. However, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are important in conducting LCA (Noori et al 2014b;Andrae 2015b). Uncertainty is one of the characteristics of the real world; including uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can help achieve a more realistic result.…”

Section: Conclusion Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of three concrete mix designs

Tait

Cheung

2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

149

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Purpose The concrete industry faces challenges to create concrete mix designs that reduce negative environmental impacts but also maintain high performance. This has led to 'greener' cementitious materials being developed which can decrease the use of traditional Portland cement (PC). This study intended to carry out a 'cradle-to-gate' life cycle assessment (LCA) on concrete mix designs containing different cementitious blends. Methods The aim of this study was to obtain the overall environmental impact, with a particular focus on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of three concrete mix designs: CEM I (100 % PC content), CEM II/B-V (65 % PC content, 35 % Fly Ash (FA) content) and CEM III/B (30 % PC content, 70 % ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) content). Evaluations of the three concrete mixes were performed using 'SimaPro 8' LCA software. A comparative cradle-to-gate LCA of these mixes has not currently been explored and could present a new insight into improving the environmental impact of concrete with the use of secondary materials. Recommendations from this work would help the industry make key decisions about concrete mix designs.Results and discussion Results show that Mix 2 (CEM II/B-V) and Mix 3 (CEM III/B) could potentially be taken forwards to improve their environmental impacts of concrete production. With respect to optimum mix design, it is strongly recommended that GGBS is selected as the addition of choice for reducing CO 2 emissions. FA does still considerably improve sustainability when compared to PC, but this work proved that inclusion of GGBS environmentally optimises the mix design even further. Advantages of using GGBS include lower CO 2 emissions, a substantial reduction of environmental impacts and an increased scope for sustainability due to the higher PC replacement levels that are permitted for GGBS. Due to mix designs enabling a higher contribution of GGBS additions, it would also indicate an increased positive effect regarding waste scenarios. Conclusions and recommendations The main contribution of this work demonstrated that concrete can be produced without loss of performance whilst significantly reducing the negative environmental impacts incurred in its production. The results obtained from this work would help to define the available options for optimising concrete mix design. The only material variations in each mix were the different cementitious blends. So, by determining the best option, a platform to make recommendations can be established based upon cementitious materials.

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Section: Conclusion Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uncertainty is one of the characteristics of the real world; including uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can help achieve a more realistic result. Therefore, future work should include the adaptation of AALCA (Andrae 2015a) and different methods such as Monte Carlo or exploratory modelling (Noori et al 2014b).…”

Section: Conclusion Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of three concrete mix designs

Tait

Cheung

2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

149

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“…In this situation, hypotheses regarding LCI must be defined, and their impact on the LCIA result must be evaluated by a sensitivity analysis. A specific technique of uncertainty evaluation such as stochastic modelling should be used in the sensitivity analysis (for example, Kucukvar et al 2014;Noori et al 2014) could be undertaken in specific contexts to complement the analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of non-traditional treatments for the valorisation of dry soils in earthworks

Blanck

Cuisinier

Masrouri

2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Sustainable development principles are leading earthwork companies to use all-natural materials extracted from the construction site to build the infrastructure. Natural materials with low characteristics must be improved. For dry soils, the common solution is to increase the compaction energy or add important quantities of water to reach the target dry density and bearing capacity. To reduce the environmental impact of their activities, the use of industrial organic products has been proposed. The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefits that could be expected from the use of these non-traditional treatments in earthworks with a wellrecognised environmental impact assessment methodology. Methods Three non-traditional products were selected as follows: an acid solution (AS), an enzymatic solution (ES) and a calcium lignosulfonate (LS). For each of these categories, geotechnical properties such as compaction, bearing capacity, unconfined compressive strength and stiffness were first determined. Based on these results, the construction strategy for which non-traditional additives lead to greater improvement of soil properties was defined. The environmental balance of each option was then determined via a comparative process life cycle assessment study that considered ten impact categories. Results and discussion An experimental study showed the ability of enzymatic and lignosulfonate additives to improve soil characteristics with significant savings of water at the construction stage. The purpose of the study was also to compare the global environmental impact of each treatment strategy defined from laboratory investigations. The life cycle assessment results showed that some construction strategies lead to a significant reduction in the environmental impact compared with the reference strategy. However, these environmental improvements are strongly linked to the choice of the construction strategy and site conditions as discussed in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Within the three tested non-traditional additives, enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments showed an association of technical and environmental interest for the compaction of dry soils. As demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis, these benefits are achieved when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact. Thus, despite an important transportation distance for enzymatic additive, the small quantities that must be used (0.002 % by dry weight) have a limited contribution on the global environmental impact. In contrast, the production step strongly impacts the treatment with lignosulfonates. Moreover, environmental interest remains strongly dependent on the site conditions and construction strategy, which is why the adopted methodology can accurately perform an initial evaluation before implementing a soil treatment with a non-traditional product.

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“…EVRO is an optimization model previously developed by the authors [62] that uses several previously established methodologies in LCA of energy systems [63,64], Multi Criteria Decision Making [65,66], Decision Making Under Uncertainty [67], Intelligent Transportation Systems [68,69], and Stochastic Optimization [70,71]. The net revenue of using the V2G system can be calculated by simply subtracting the cost of the electricity consumed for charging from the total revenue earned due to providing V2G services.…”

Section: Cash Flow and Net Revenue Calculation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Front Lines of a Sustainable Transportation Fleet: Applications of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology for Transit and School Buses

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The electricity generation/supply and transportation sectors are the two largest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the U.S., and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is a rapidly emerging solution to reduce these emissions with the adoption of battery-electric (BE) vehicles. Deployments of BE transit and school buses are expected to have larger battery capacities than passenger vehicles, making them more feasible candidates for V2G service. Five electricity generation regions are considered for cash flow analysis of BE and diesel transit and school buses over their entire respective lifetimes with the allowance of V2G services' net revenue. Besides, the environmental benefits of using the V2G system are studied in place of combustion power generation plants for the regulation services of each study region. Air emission externalities are another crucial issue for bus operations because buses are operated near highly populated areas, so these externalities are also studied in this research with the benefits of a V2G emission reduction potential taken into account. The analysis concluded that BE transit and school buses with V2G application have potential to reduce electricity generation related greenhouse-gas emissions by 1067 and 1420 tons of CO 2 equivalence (average), and eliminate $13,000 and $18,300 air pollution externalities (average), respectively.

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A stochastic optimization approach for the selection of reflective cracking mitigation techniques

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of three concrete mix designs

A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of three concrete mix designs

Life cycle assessment of non-traditional treatments for the valorisation of dry soils in earthworks

On the Front Lines of a Sustainable Transportation Fleet: Applications of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology for Transit and School Buses

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