“…The 2nd IR enabled quality to transform into Quality 2.0, which was characterised by quality assurance (QA), and the 3rd IR resulted in Quality 3.0, which involved quality improvement; in this era, several models and frameworks were created to assist organisations in managing and enhancing quality across all activity sectors (Chiarini and Kumar, 2021;ASQ, 2021). These include quality management systems (QMSs), quality management (QM) standards (International Organisation for Standards (ISO) 9001) (Mangula, 2013;Carvalho et al, 2021), quality by design (Chiarini, 2020), lean and Six Sigma methods (Radziwill, 2018;Taifa, 2022) and the teachings of quality experts, for example, Philip Crosby, Joseph Juran, Genichi Taguchi and W Edwards Deming (Fonseca, 2021). The 4th IR has emerged as a new concept in QM known as Quality 4.0 (Q4.0) (Maganga and Taifa, 2022a) that assists in improving human intelligence, decision-making speed and quality, improving auditability, traceability and transparency, anticipating changes, removing biases and adjusting to novel situations (Arsovski, 2019).…”