“…Various factors, including new technologies and the Covid-19 pandemic, have reshaped the online shopping landscape worldwide ( Grewal et al, 2017 ; Lamberton & Stephen, 2016 ). Mobile phones, especially smartphones, supported by anywhere and anytime wireless connections to the internet, have enhanced the convenience of online shopping ( Spaid & Flint, 2014 ; Zhongmei et al, 2020 ). Although online shopping dates back to telephone shopping ( Cox & Rich, 1964 ), the focus of this research is limited to shopping via wireless internet.…”